Edgar Degas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Edgar Degas - Research Paper Example He had come from a family that was extremely musical: his mother was an opera singer, though not a professional one, while his father Auguste used to arrange recitals to be performed by musicians in their home. Degas mother passed away when he was just thirteen years old; after that, both his father and grandfather had a great influence in his life (Edgardegas.net, 2010). He studied at the Lycee Loius le Grand whereby he attained a baccalaureat in literature in the year 1853. Degas began his life as a painter when he was still a teenager of eighteen years old; he had changed his room to be an artist’s studio and after graduating registered as a Louvre copist. Auguste however was not for the idea of his son becoming a painter, and he urged him to enroll in law school. In November 1853, Degas reluctantly went to study law at the Faculty of Law at the University of Paris; however, he was not so enthusiastic about it. When he was still a copist, he produced a number of copies of R aphel that were quite impressive; working on them, he studied other works done by contemporary painters with examples of Delacroix and Ingres (Edgardegas.net, 2010). In the year 1855 he was admitted into the Ecole Des Beaux-Art School in Paris, but after studying there only on year, he left school so that he could take three years traveling, studying and painting in Italy. There he painted painstaking copies of Michelangelo’s work, a renowned Italian Renaissance painter, as well as Da Vinci. He developed a classical linearity reverence that was a distinguishing characteristic even of the modern paintings he had done (Edgardegas.net, 2010). According to Growe, (2001), in 1859 Degas went back to Paris and made a name as a painter. He took the traditional approach whereby he painted large portraits mostly belonging to family members and big historical scenes with examples of Semiramis Building Babylon, the daughter of Jephtha and the Scene of middle Age war. He then went to subm it his works to a group of French teachers and artists who would be in charge of exhibitions that happened in public. The group had extremely conventional and rigid ideas of proper artistic form and beauty; therefore, it was indifferent to Degas paintings. In 1862, Degas had a chance of meeting Edouard Manet, a fellow painter at the Louvre, and the two developed a friendly rivalry within no time. In 1868 Degas was one of the important members of the avant-garde artists group that included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They used to meet regularly as the Cafe Guerbois so as to discuss ways that artists could use to interact with the modern world. The Franco-Prussian war began in July 1870, and Degas decided to volunteer to be part of the French National Guard. As the war was ending in 1871, the Paris Commune took control of the capital for approximately two months previous to Adolphe Thiers went ahead to establish again the Third Republic at the time of a bloo dy civil war. In order to avoid the Paris Commune tumult, Degas took a long trip in New Orleans to visit his relatives (Growe, 2001). Degas came back to Paris in 1873, and here he met with Sisley, Monet and a few other painters. They went ahead to form the Societe Anonyme des Artistes which was a group that was obligated to have exhibitions which were not under the Salon’s control. The group would later come to be identified as the Impressionists despite the fact that Degas fancied the name â€Å"

Terms comparison paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Terms comparison paper - Essay Example The subject of costs in economics is a trivial concern because as simple as it looks, costs assume many forms and applications. As conventionally defined, cost means the amount of money paid for a certain product or service. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (par. 1), cost â€Å"in common usage, (is) the monetary value of goods and services that producers and consumers purchase.† What make the concept of cost challenging in microeconomics is the diverse types or classifications attached to it. Since microeconomics encompass the study of the behavior of individuals, firms, and industries in terms of producing and consuming of economic goods and services, the concept of cost is relevant as it affects microeconomic activities of the units concerned. For consumers and individuals who are not familiar with the concepts of costs, one might have the tendency to discard this as irrelevant and immaterial. However, close examination of these underlying theories would enlighten consum ers on their effects on prices and quantities of goods which are normally offered to the public. This concept is also relevantly applicable to the health care industry. It is interesting to note that in economics, all costs are considered opportunity costs. As rationalized by Petroff (2002, par. 2), resources are usually indented for a particular purpose. When goods are produced using a definite resource, other goods could not be produced using the same raw materials. To use a practical application, for a consumer who decided to buy a television set, the opportunity cost could be the value of a trip to a nearby beach resort which was not taken due to the purchase. In health care, the concept of opportunity cost is best exemplified by the number of years in terms of lives saved and the improvement in the quality of life should monetary resources be spent on an alternative medical intervention suggested or recommended for a diagnosed health care procedure.

Skopos Theory of Translation

Skopos Theory of Translation 1. Introduction With the development of world economy and accelerating globalization, more and more companies have realized the significance of translating English trademarks. Trademark is a very special type of practical writing with high commercial value. The translation of English trademark names belongs to a kind of cultural communication with special purposes. A successful translation should be able to convey the current information of the commodity, attract the foreign consumers attention, stimulate their purchasing desire and promote their buying action. However, the traditional equivalence theory turns out to be increasingly inadequate and the rigid faithful translation will often produce negative effect. The Skopos theory has presented a new perspective to the study of trademark translation. With the guidance of this theory, the translator could use translation strategies flexibly to achieve the purpose of embodying the trademarks function. This thesis uses a lot of examples to put forward some techniques such as literal and free translation. And it also emphasizes that a translator should not only try his or her best to express the native connotation, but also keep in mind the adaptation to foreign culture. Only by doing so, can translation fulfill the purpose of the trademark? With increasing globalization of the world economy, more and more commodities spring up like mushrooms. As to win a superior place in an extremely competitive market, or a commodity, besides the high quality and a moderate price, its trademark name is also a vital factor. Billions of dollars are spent each year in efforts to make the public familiar with the name of the products which manufacturers are selling. Companies advertise by emphasizing the trademarks on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc. Customers can get a general idea or even the nature of the commodity. Those easy to read, understand and memorize can always stimulate customers purchasing desire and bring companies a great success and fortune from what they are striving as much as possible to sell. So a fine trademark name translation comes to play an important role in promoting the products and will earn more money than a common translation in the course of sales. Admittedly, translation is a very complex sub ject. By far, there have been many linguists who have carried on the research of equivalence theory-faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. But these standards, however, are not completely fit to the translation of a trademark name. The main reason is that each language has its unique linguistic features and versatile cultural backgrounds, customs and thinking patterns, there hardly exists absolute equivalence, especially in the case of Chinese and English, which are from two completely different language families. For example, the faithfulness may not be reached by using only several simple English words. There are also many outstanding linguists abroad doing research in this field. The Skopos theory, put forward in Ground-work for a General Theory of Translation (an article) by Reiss, Vermeer in 1984, emphasizes the functionality to achieve purpose of the target text in the target culture. Skopos theory was developed in Germany in the late 1970s, and which reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation. Skopos theory takes seriously factors which have always been stressed in action theory, and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of non-literary text types. In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instructions for use, tourist guides, contracts, etc, the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored. These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it, and, in particular, the function which the text is to perform in that culture for those readers. Skopos theory is directly oriented towards this function. Translation is viewed not as a process of transcending, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose, and the word skopos, derived from Greek, is used as the technical term for the purpose of a translation. Skopos must be defined before translation can begin; in highlighting skopos, the theory adopts a prospective attitude to translation, as opposed to the retrospective attitude adopted in theories which focus on prescriptions derived from the source text.(Baker, 2004: 235) In the article Reflections on Certain Methods of Translation based on functional concept of translation, Chen Xiaowei pointed out the concept has provided theoretical basis for some translation practices used to be considered against the existing criteria of translation methods, such as abridgment and adaptation(Chen X iaowei, 2000).Yang Xiaorong(2001) also called for more attention to contemporary translation theories such as functionalist approach to translation. She stated in her article Traditional and Modern Perspectives on Translation Criticism that by emphasizing the role played by the receptor, the translator and the cultural factors in the process of translation, functionalist approach is able to present a dynamic and multi-dimensional perspective on translation criticism. In this thesis, the background and development of this approach as well as its basic concepts are discussed in light of their applicability in advertisement translation. In terms of Skopos theory, translators are encouraged to make full use of all the sources of the source text and are entitled to choose whatever translation strategies he thinks appropriate to achieve the functions of the translation. That is what we call the end justifies the means. Li Yuxiang (2006), a researcher of Tongji University, stated in her pa per that brand name translators should not only be well aware of the linguistic and cultural differences between source language and target language, but also be quite knowledgeable about marketing, psychology and aesthetics as well as full of imagination and creativity. In the course of translation, the translator should pay attention to the adaptation to many aspects and should be highly imaginative. As such, the functionalist approach can offer a satisfactory explanation to the unconventional strategies applied in trademark translation, which the traditional equivalence-based theory fails to account for. The body of this thesis is divided into six parts. At the very beginning of the introduction, the thesis presents the background, rationale, objectives, methodology and the organization of the thesis. Chapter 1 introduces the description including definition, characteristics and functions of trademark. Chapter 2 studies the Skopos theory and more attention will be paid to three rules which are skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. Chapter 3 analyzes the guidance of Skopos theory in English trademark translation with the proof of some instances. Chapter 4 exerts many examples to work out some applicable English trademark translation strategies or approaches based on the Skopos theory. Chapter 5 comes to conclusions, which gives the main findings about this thesis, identifies limitations of the present study and makes suggestions for future research. 2. The introduction about trademark 2.1 The definition of trademark There are a lot of definitions about trademark. In Wikipedia, trademark means conventionally a distinctive sign of some kinds, whether that sign comprises a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, picture, styling or a combination of one or more of these elements. A trademark is used by a business to identify itself and its products or services to consumers, and to set itself and its products or services apart from other businesses. A trademark is a type of intellectual property, and in particular, a type of industrial property. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th Ed) provides a definition like this: a special mark on a product to show that it is made by a particular producer; a thing that is typical of a person or company. A trademark is defined by law as any sign that distinguishes the goods or services of one undertaking from those of another. Most trademarks are words, names or logos but more fancy trademarks include shapes, sounds and even smells. So long as your trademarks are capable of graphic representation, they can be capable of protection. Taking into account of all these explanations, trademarks can be defined as this: they are any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof that are used in commerce as brand names, domain names, tag lines, slogans, non-functional and distinctive packaging and labeling designs, etc. to indicate the source of goods or services and differentiate the products or services from those of the other. That is to say, a trademark has the characteristics of describing the features of a commodity; making the commodity more distinctive; assisting the consumers to memorize the products; conforming to the images of commodity as well as company and arousing customers associations about beautiful things. 2.2 The functions of trademark 2.2.1 Origin Function A trademark helps to identify the source and those responsible for the products and services sold in the market as it includes the materialistic and abstract components of the product and reflect its marketing capabilities. Specifically, a trademark, the distinctive sign or indicator of some kind, used by an individual, business organization or another legal entity assists consumers to uniquely identify the source of its products or services, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities. So a trademark could guarantee the identity of the origin of marked goods or services offered to each consumer or end user by enabling the latter to distinguish, without any possibility of confusion, the origin of the goods or services in question. 2.2.2 Quality Function Consumers choose a particular trademark for its known quality. Trademarks have the functions of guaranteeing and improving the quality of products. Therefore, quality means the foundation of a trademarks reputation which convinces the consumers to buy that kind of commodity. The goods which are cheap in price and high in quality will meet the consumers objective needs and mental consumption, and establishing the good prestige for the trademark could win the consumers trust. Naturally, the market of products would be expanded and good economic returns for the enterprises would also be yielded. Once establishing the image in buyers mind, the manufacturers and sellers would do their utmost to ensure the quality, maintain the good faith of the well-known products so as to achieve obvious economic benefits. 2.2.3 Advertising Function Trademarks play an important role in advertising. A trademark enables consumers to choose goods and services with ease under the influence of continuous advertising. As shown in the above, a trademark is the symbol of a product, distinguishing the commodity from another and making them easier for consumers to memorize, which is a very important part of the advertisement of the product. A good trademark should be simple and memorable, so it can, to some degree, influence and arouse their desire to buy the product. It is not uncommon for a customer to refuse to buy a certain product merely because of his or her dislikes of the trademark. Besides, via the media, including radio, television, newspapers, magazines and the Internet, enterprisers give wide coverage to trademarks in order to deeply impress the consumers, stimulate their interests to buy their products, at last, fulfill the purpose to advertise the product and create an image in the mind of the ultimate purchaser. 2.2.4 Marketing and Economic Function A successful trademark can promote the international trade to attain the goals of boosting its market share. Served as the crucial tool to gain and dominate the market, trademark especially the famous one plays the significant role in opening up an outlet and occupying the global market. Now, with the development of international business, the higher reputation of a trademark means the better quality of the product. Even the same products have different prices because of different trademarks; of course, the profits brought by goods are also different. Thus, its clear that a well- recognized trademark has a better competitive power in markets. Established trademark is a valuable asset. A trademark indicates competition, for its function is to distinguish one product from another, meanwhile, it is created by use, and remains valid only as long as it is used. For many manufacturers, the trademark is what turns people into customers. Perhaps money has been invested in advertising, or people have learned of the business through word of mouth. But no company would want to see another company opened up with a similar name and people got confused. If that really happened, the former one might very well lose potential or existing customers to the new company. It is the common sense that a famous trademark, even in tough economic times, strongly influences purchasing behavior as consumers would make more careful decisions, and often revert to tried and trusted brands. Today the trademarks may be licensed or franchised. It can be concluded that the ultimate purpose of advertising is to persuade consumers to buy a certain product or service. The main functions in advertising at least include conveying information and persuasion. To describe it specifically, the basic functions of trademark are to present some information about goods, services or ideas to the public and influence and persuade people to make choices, at last to take some actions, especially to purchase the products. 3. Skopos theory 3.1 A brief introduction to Skopos theory Skopos is the Greek word for aim or purpose and was introduced into translation theory by Hans J. Vemeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating by Jeremy Munday. (Munday, 2001: 65) In Vermeers approach, every translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate means to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances.(Nord, 2001: 12) According to Skopos theory, any form of translational action, including translation itself, may be assumed as an action which is intentional and purposeful, and the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action.(Nord, 2001: 27) Skopos theory queries the primitive theory that centers on original texts. It explains the action of translation from a brand new angle. Faced at aiming system, it is a descriptive and standard combined theory.(Zhang Nanfeng, 2004: 121). 3.2 The development of Skopos theory The functionalist translation theory was developed in the 1970s in German. The main contributions and the contributors are Katharina Reiss with her functionalist translation criticism; Hans J. Vermeers Skopos theory and its extensions; Justa Holz-Manttaris theory of translational action and Christiane Nord. They are all German scholars, so we call it German school of functionalism. (Nord, 1997:4) Early in 1971, in her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, Reiss develops a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts.(Nord, 1997:5)To her, TL text should be equivalent to SL text in terms of conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function. So obviously, she still took equivalence as her basis. However, in real life she found that sometimes equivalence was not possible and not even desired in some cases, for example, when the target text is intended to achieve a purpose or function other than that of the original. In such situations, she thinks that the functional perspective takes precedence over the normal standards of equivalence. Then translation critic can no longer rely on features derived from source-text analysis but has to judge whether the target text is functional in terms of the translation context. (Nord, 1997:9) Then, Hans Vermeer made a breakthrough by putting forward his famous Skopos theory which is regarded as the landmark of functionalist approach to translation. Vermeer maintained that linguistics alone could not solve all the translation problems. Thus he put translation in a broader human context, embedding the theory of translation in a theory of human action or activity. He considers translation as a type of human action, which is an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation; it is part of the situation at the same time as it modifies the situation.(Nord, 1997:11)Thus Vermeer calls his theory Skopos theory. Actually, Skopos theory is the theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation. Manttari goes one step further than Vermeer. She even avoids using the term translation in the strict sense. She prefers to speak of message transmitters, which consist of textual material combined with other media such as pictures, sounds and body movements. In her model, translation is defined as a complex action designed to achieve a particular purpose. The generic term for the phenomenon is translational action. The purpose of translational action is to transfer messages across culture and language barriers by means of message transmitters produced by experts. (Nord, 1997:13) Afterward, Nord summarized all these theories and made them more comprehensive by her book Translaitng As a Purposeful Activity-Functionalist Approaches Explained. 3.3 Three rules of the Skopos theory 3.3.1 The skopos rule In Vermeers skoposthorie, the top-ranking rule for translation is the Skopos rule. The term Skopos usually refers to the purpose of the target text. (Nord, 2001: 28) translational action is determined by its Skopos: that is the end justifies the means (Reiss and Vermeer 1984:101) Vermeer explains the Skopos rule in the following way: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. (Nord, 2001: 29) Translation is normally done by assignment. A client needs a text for a particular purpose and calls upon the translator for a translation, thus acting as the initiator of the translation process. In an ideal case, the client would give as many details as possible about the purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, occasion and medium of the intended communication and function and which the text is intended to have. The information would constitute an explicit translation brief which means translation commission or translation assignment. (Nord, 2001: 30) BMW was an acronym for Bayerishe Motoren Werke (the German famous auto companys name). It has no meaning but shows the place where the car come form. (Chen Dongcheng, 2008)The translation of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ is known to many Chinese customers. Because B and M are pronounced like à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ in Chinese, which à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚  means precious and à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ (horse) tells that it is an automobile as à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ is one means of transportations in ancient China. So it can reach the purpose of arousing the customers association of the swift horse and implies this kind of cars can go a long way with a high speed. 3.3.2 The coherence rule This rule emphasis that the translation must be adequately coherent to allow the intended users to comprehend it, and provide them assumed background knowledge and situational circumstances. What the translator can do, and what he should do, is to produce a text that is at least likely to be meaningful to target-culture receivers. In Vermeers terms the target text should conform to the standard of intratextual coherence (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 109). This means the receiver should be able to understand it; it should make sense in the communicative situation and culture in which it is received. A communicative interaction can only be regarded as successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation. Accordingly, another important rule of Skopos theory, the coherence rule, specifies that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with receivers situation. (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 113) Safeguard, a brand for soap and bathing lotion, means security and guardian. It is transliterated as à ¨Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³. Here à ¨Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ means comfort, à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ means skin and à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ means good quality. So this translation will leave the impression on people that this soap or lotion with good quality can bring comfort to the skin. Furthermore, Chinese people will have a basic conception about what kind of product it is and understand it very well when they first saw the translation. 3.3.3 The fidelity rule This rule touches upon the relationship between the source-text and target-text. Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity which is fidelity rule. (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 114) In Skopos theory, the source-text is not so crucial in the position of offering information especially in equivalence-based theories. Intertextual coherence should exist between source and target text, while the form it takes depends both on the translators interpretation of the source text and on the translation Skopos. (Nord, 2001: 32) The fidelity rule stresses that some relationship must remain between the target-text and source-text once the overriding principle of Skopos and the rule of coherence have been satisfied. Crown(the trademark of a car)is translated literally into Chineseà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚   whether it is in English or in Chinese. Crown andà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  both represent the superior social status,. The Chinese version can well express that the car is in good condition, the style is grand and the quality is first-rate. It is faithful to its original meaning of the brand which is and will undoubtedly be accepted by the consumers in China just the same as in the original country. The three rules are organized based on their status. The fidelity rule is considered as the subordination to the coherence rule. Both of them are subordinate to the Skopos rule. Hence, the purpose of translation is the first concern for the translator. If the Skopos requires a change of function, the standard will no longer by intertextual coherence with the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the Skopos (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 139). 4. The guidance of Skopos theory in English trademark translation As the statement in the first chapter about the functions of trademark, the translation of English trademark should attract the consumers attention, raise their interest, stimulate their desire, improve their memory and promote their action. The Skopos theory believes that the translating purpose decides the translating strategies and methods. As the translation of English trademark names is a project which has particular purposes, the Skopos theory is very suitable to the translation of English trademark names. 4.1 The Purpose of Embodying Characters of Commodity The translation of an English trademark should endeavor to provide as much as information about the commodity for consumers. The translation should transmit the commoditys positive information to attract the consumers attention and raise their interest. Take Rejoice for example, it is translated to beà ©Ã‚ £Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬ in Chinese. The translation has pretty well expressed the information of the goods. From the name, consumers can get the information that the commodity may be something about flowing locks or gentle and smooth hair, because à ©Ã‚ £Ã‹Å"and à ¦Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬ often have been used to describe the feature of hair. So the consumers attention will be attracted by the goods immediately when they see the name. Surely enough, their interest is aroused and they will be willing to see some more elaborate information about the goods. So the translation of an English trademark should express information to demonstrate the characters of a commodity. 4.2 The Purpose of Identifying Commodity We know that one commodity has its distinctive character. A good trademark should represent the commodity and shows its uniqueness. If a name is distinctive enough to catch the consumers attention, it has been endowed with the discerning function. Then in a consumers memory, this distinctive name will be the most deep-going one. Of course, the purchasing action could be stimulated. For instance, two commodities both have the same English trademark called Liberty. Actually, one product is a sportswear and the other is a carpet. In China, the former one is à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ± and the latter one is à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °. à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ± means free and it can arouse the feelings of leisure and casualness which accord with the style of the cloth. à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ° conveys that this kind of carpet is good to protect the consumers precious plot. Besides, à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ° is the propitious word popular with Chinese customers. 4.3 The Purpose of Stimulating Consumers Purchasing Desire All the advertising campaign of a commodity is advancing towards to one destination to move the consumers to buy the products. The trademark as a means of publicizing ways, its translation should serve the purpose, too. Carrefour is a foreign invested supermarket in China. Its Chinese version of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ , tells us each family can enjoy happiness and pleasure in this supermarket. When seeing this name, they may go it and buy something there. This translation, making use of consumers purchasing psychology, has successfully appealed to consumers and has cleverly stimulated their purchasing desire. Therefore, the translation of a trademark should be able to stimulate consumers buying desire. 4.4 The purpose of adaption to the customers culture The famous British anthropologist E. B. Taylor (1871) defines culture as a complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.(Danesi Perron, 1999: 3) because trademark, obviously is part of the culture, so its translation, to a great extent, is influenced by culture. Foreign commodities trademarks inevitably contain different cultural characteristics. When they enter the Chinese market, they will mainly face Chinese consumers. Whether they can win the market share and the favor of Chinese customers depends greatly on their translation. Even they enjoy global fame, it will still be difficult for Chinese consumers to accept if they dont have impressive translations into Chinese. A good translation will have enormous impact, though invisible, on consumers mentality. (Bao Huinan, 2001: 281) For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words o nly have meanings in terms of cultures in which they function. (Nida, 1993: 110) hence, to contribute to the function of trademark, the translation must fulfill the purpose to go with the culture of customers. Dragon means devil in western culture, while in Chinese culture, dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢) is the symbol of power and heavenliness is something sacred and has been referred to as the ancestor of the Chinese nation, so Chinese people have a special preference for this animal which does not exist. Citroen, a French-made car brand, is translated into à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ªÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ to adapt the customers culture in target market. 5. Translation strategies based on Skopos theory Skopos theory considers translation as a complicated interactive behavior. The aim of translation is often determined after counsel between client and translator. It is the initiator or its agent who makes differences. They give explanation of time, place, situation, intermediary, aim as well as readers and function of translation. According to the specific translation requirement such as the writers interactive intention and expectation of the translated texts, as well as social knowledge background, interactive need of readers, etc. translator can determine any translating tactics, and does not have to care about the equality of translated text to the original text, for which would weaken the translated texts interactive function in the environment of target language. Therefore, with the guide of translation purpose, the translator can consider the relative factors comprehensively and then decide the most suitable method. Approaches can be adopted by translators if it can realize t he expected purpose well. The translator can change properly according to the connotation meaning of a trademark name. If it is transformed appropriately, it can be full of wit and humor. The consumers will certainly be attracted by such kind of a trademark names. So the realistic standard of trademark translation is whether it is recognized and accepted by consumers who would buy the products finally. Therefore, based on the Skopos theory, translation strategies are not restricted. According to the contents mentioned above, we can emphasize that the purpose changes with the consumer varies. (Wang Jianhui, Hu Dongping, 2007) Translators can take any appropriate tactics in order to achieve different goals. (Yin Xiaohong, 2006:171) As discussed above, the successful translation of brand names refers to lots of factors. Among them the most important is the flexible employment of translation methods in practice. In this part, the author will focus on two main methods, the most common and practical used strategies, in brand name translation. They are literal translation and free translation. 5.1 Literal translation The so-called literal translation in this paper is equivalent to Newmarks semantic translation, which attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.(Newmark, 1988: 39). Literal translation involves translating meanings literally, keeping both the original form and the original sense. It is the primary way of trademark translation. It can better convey the original information of the product, indicate the authors original wish, and can keep the conformity with the brand designs. There are many popular trademarks translated in this way around us. Although it is not feasible for every one to be translated literally, literal translation is still put to use by translators. The translation of an electronic appliance brand, Pioneer intoà ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¹can convey to the customers the message that it is the pioneer of the electronic appliance industry. Microsoft, the American software giant company, also adopts literal translation to register its Chinese brand. Translating Micro as à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ® and soft as à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¯ successfully transmit the implied meaning: a basic, tiny and delicate software. Mr. Juicy was translated as à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸, can give customers a very clear idea that it is a fruit juice brand while at the same time it forms a cartoon image in peoples mind. 5.2 Free translation The free translation is also one of the most important techniques in the course of translating Chinese trademark names. We knew that literal translation would not achieve a perfect trademark translation all the time. Free translation is more complex and flexible. Free translation mostly could avoid the rigid feeling, comparing with mechanical transliteration. In fact, it is the translators imagination that is making an important impa

Osteoarthritis and the Ideal Treatment Essay -- Medicine Health Papers

Osteoarthritis and the Ideal Treatment Osteoarthritis, or degenerative joint disease, is a form of arthritis characterized by the breakdown of cartilage within joints. Cartilage serves to provide cushion at the ends of bones, and when the cushion is not sufficient, as in osteoarthritis, the bones rub together. As a result, osteoarthritis sufferers are constantly plagued by stiff, swollen, and inflamed joints (http://www.arthritis.org/answers/diseasecenter/oa.asp). It is a relatively common condition, with an estimated 20 million American sufferers, most of whom are elderly (http://webmd.lycos.com/content/article/1668.50297). Traditional treatments include Tylenol, aspirin, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but the long-term negative effects of these drugs combined with the fact that they offer only short-term relief has led doctors and scientists to search for better treatment options. While nutritional supplements as a form of alternative medicine have been slow to gain acceptance by Amer ican physicians (Schenck, 2000), glucosamine has surfaced as a consistently effective treatment method for osteoarthritis, and when used in conjunction with chondroitin, the relief this treatment program can provide for sufferers of this debilitating condition is long-awaited and much-welcomed. What is glucosamine? How does it work? How effective is the treatment? How does the glucosamine treatment compare to traditional methods of treatment? What evidence is offered in support of these claims? What’s the downside? Scientific Analysis of Data Conclusion Bibliography What is glucosamine? Glucosamine is a natural sugar produced by the body and found in some foods (http://webmd.l... ...lysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283 (11), 1469-75. McCarty, M.F. (1994). The neglect of glucosamine as a treatment for osteoarthritis: A personal perspective. Medical Hypotheses, 42, 323-327. Pipitone, V.R. (1991). Chondroprotection with chondroitin sulfate. Drugs Exp Clin Res, 17, 3-7. Schenck, R.C. Jr. (2000). New approaches to the treatment of osteoarthritis: oral glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Instructional Course Lectures, 49, 491-494. Tapadinhas, M.J., Rivera, I.C., & Bignamini, A.A. (1982). Oral glucosamine sulfate in the management of arthrosis: Report on a multi-centre open investigation in Portugal. Pharmatherapeutica, 3, 157-168. Towheed, T.E., & Anastassiades, T.P. (2000). Glucosamine and chondroitin for treating symptoms of osteoarthritis: evidence is widely touted but incomplete. JAMA, 283(11), 1483-1484.

Action research bully

â€Å"Bullying involves an initial desire to hurt, this desire is expressed in action, someone is hurt, the action is directed by a more powerful person or group, it is without justification, it is typically repeated, and it is done so with evident enjoyment. † Ken Rugby (1998). The future of the youth is formed and developed within the confines of their own respective homes. It is in the home that the youth acquires basic skills, habits, and attitudes for this home molded personality. Home is the starting point of one's development into a full grown adult.Home environment is the very first place where teenagers nowadays learned how to socialize and integrate themselves with others. When a child is born he/she becomes a member of an already established social institution. He/she becomes a member of his/her own family with its already existing sets of cultural patterns and sets of social, moral, and religious values. The child also carries with it the raw materials for the deve lopment of its peculiarly unique individual personality. Once attitudes have been learned, they determine to a large extent to what an individual perceives and how he/she behaves.So, it is clear that an individual can perceive things based on the way he/she was trained in congruent with his/her primary group. It is assumed that the personality develops and changes differently in each type of the family. So whatever kind of family a child belongs, it will certainly reflect on his/her attitudes towards his/her own self and others. Bullying and being bullied have been recognized as health problems for children and teenagers because of their association with adjustment problems, including poor mental health and more extreme violent behavior.It is therefore important to understand how bullying and being bullied affect the well-being and adaptive functioning of youth. We sought to use multiple data sources to better understand the psychological and social problems exhibited by bullies, vi ctims, and bully-victims. Of today's living, family conflicts or stormy relationships consisting within the family could be one of the factors that cause the misbehaver of students in and out of the home. Their place of learning or school environment serves as the outlet of their emotions and feelings.In connection with this, the researchers, found it interesting and worthy to study he veracity behind this issue. To find out what are the factors in the home environment that can possibly contribute to the change of the bully behavior and how this would affect his/her relationships and attitudes towards other people. Background of the Study Home is the place where the child initially learns or can learn his most basic values, aspirations and attitudes. Because of its major role as transmission belt, there is concern not only for what the family does but also for what it fails to do.Consciously and unconsciously, a parent sets patterns in their children on the basis of which their soci al growth is guided. Children absorb from their parents certain attitudes toward interpersonal or social relationships, getting an education, religion and others. The social personality of the child depends greatly upon the nature of these behaviors. The growing youngsters need to become accustomed increasingly to enable them to apply, to persons and groups outside the family, the sympathetic interest and the creative-partnership process which have been cultivated within the family circle.Statement of the Problem The study attempted to determine the influence of home environment on the behavior of the bullies to the students. More specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions: 1 . What is the level of behavior of the respondent? 2. How do the level of influences of the following compared when group according to the given characteristics: 2. 1 Home environment 2. 2 Behavior 3. How does the level of influences of the home environment compared to the level of behavior of the respondents?Purpose of the study This research primarily aims to know the influences of the home environment on the behaviors of the bullies. This study influences according to their characteristics and home environment, and behavior. Significance of the study Since the development of the child is to a great extent dependent on the influence of the home, if the home is not self-sufficient to provide personality development of the child, the school therefore, enters as necessary complement and supplement of the home.In connection with this, the findings of the study will be useful and of great help to parent and teachers in understanding the attitudes of the students in and out of the school premises. It will help determine the needs of the students physically, emotionally and socially. It is also helpful in strengthening parents and hill's relationship as a whole. Furthermore, this study is important not only to the parents but also to teachers because it will help them understa nd their work better so that they can cooperate in helping the child's active participation in social living.The findings of this study are also relevant to the students themselves, for they may be guided in realizing the extent of their deviation from the group average in their personal and social relationships. Such realization may lead them to deeper insights and ultimately to self-direction and self-realization. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This research focused on the influences of the home environment on the behaviors of the bullies. The researchers limit their study only to the identified bullies in the students.Methods of Research and Procedure This chapter includes the method and procedure that will be used in gathering the data, the subjects of the study, the sampling techniques, and the statistical treatment employed in the interpreting data. Research Methodology The researchers will use the Descriptive Method, which is the type of study design to gain more informa tion in order to come up with a systematic method of data gathering and analysis. It aims to identify the relationship of self-esteem and reputation of the bullies. Subjects of the Study The researchers used a total of 203 students from different courses.Not all of them are bullies. The researchers disregarded 98 students because they are not identified as not bully so, they only 105 students were used as their subject. Sampling Technique The Purposive Sampling will serve as a sampling technique for all the 2nd year students. The subjects of the study in this particular sampling process has a unique characteristic, hence, not Just anybody can be included as sample for the study. Consider this research, only the â€Å"bullies† are considered as the sample for this study. Procedure and Data Gathering Another set of questionnaires were given to the subjects.Primary data are the data collected by the researchers come from the respondents who answered the questionnaires. A review of related literature and studies from books, internet, and reference materials are used to gather information. 1 . The researchers conducted instruments that were validated through the professors. 2. The researchers inquired the total population of enrolled second year students in Science and Technology. . Permission and willingness to participate from the respondents were secured before conducting the actual study.Methodology This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the data gathered from bullies in college students as to the influences of the home environment to their behavior in school. The various data gathered are analyzed and interpreted in the following tables to answer the specific questions posed in this study. The Demographic Profile of the Respondents This answers the question that would present the respondent's profile such as age, sex, course, family status, birth order, no. F siblings, and the family monthly income. Table 1. 1 Frequency Distribution of the Respo ndent's Age Age Frequency Percentage 19 15 14. 18 43. 8 17 36. 2 16 6 5. 7 Total 105 As seen in the table of the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondent's age, out of the 105 respondents, 46 or 43. 8% of them are 18 years old, 38 or 36. 2% of the respondents are 17 years old, 15 or 14. 3% of the respondents are 19 years old, and 6 or 5. 7% of the respondents are 16 years old. This only shows that majority of the respondent's age is 18 years old while minorities of them is 16 years old. Table 1. 2 Frequency Distribution on the Sex of the Respondents Gender Male 56 53. 33 Female 49 46. 7 respondent's sex, out of the 105 respondents, 56 or 53. 33% are males and 49 or 46. 67% are females. This only shows that majority of the respondents are males and minorities of them are females. Frequency Distribution on the Level of Socio-Economic of the Respondents Socio- Economic High 25 23. 8 Average 39 37. 1 Low 41 39. 0 As seen in the table of the frequency and percentage distri bution of the respondent's socio-economic status, out of the 105 respondents, 41 or 39% of them are not disturbed about their socio-economic status, 39 or 37. Of the respondents are slightly disturbed about their socio-economic status, and 25 or 23. 8% of the respondents are slightly disturbed about their socio-economic status. This only shows that majority of the respondents are not disturbed with their socio-economic status. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter includes the discussion of the summary of the study and generalizations in the form of conclusions and recommendations for the solution of the problem in the study addressed to those concerned.The research employed the use of the descriptive method which involved the analysis of the relationship between the level of social estrangement to the level of anxiety and level of depression of the respondents. Summary of findings There is no significant effect in the level of behavior of the respondents when grouped according to their sibling relationship, parents' relationship, parent relationship, and socio-economic status, while there is a significant difference in the level of behavior of the respondents in terms of their parenting styles.There is no significant effect in the level of parents' relationship of the respondents when grouped according to their age, sex, course, family status, birth order, no. F siblings, and the family monthly income. There is no significant effect in the level of parent relationship of the respondents when grouped according to their age, sex, course, family status, birth order, no. Of siblings, and the family monthly income. Conclusion There is no significant effect in the level of behavior and the home influences of the respondents as regards to their characteristics.There is no significant effect in the level of behavior of the respondents when grouped according to their sibling relationship, parents' relationship, parent relationship, and socio-economic sta tus, hill there is a significant difference in the level of behavior of the respondents in terms of their parenting styles. Recommendation Based on the summary of findings and conclusion the researchers recommend the following to the readers of this study. For the students to be more sensitive enough.Many students who bully do not consider their behavior as bullying because they are not conscious about the little things that they do to offend others. For the teachers, mentors and guidance counselors to determine the possible cause of the bully behaviors. For the parents to have knowledge of the influences that a home environment can bring to their sons and daughters and to be aware of the proper parenting style they must provide their children. For future researchers to give a broader picture of what home environment can do to our behavior.

Losing a Loved One Essay

Losing a loved one is like having the rug swept from under you. We make plans for the day, and do not think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my uncle’s death. I do not think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. It is amazing how we take life for granted. The tragedy never goes away. You just learn how to cope with it and keep moving on. My mom had been going to school in Virginia and staying at my Aunt Ana’s house. She had been away for two weeks and wanted to come home for the weekend. My mom had suggested that I go back with her and visit colleges, shop, go to movies and just spend time together. I had been feeling pretty sorry for myself since she had been gone. I was working a great deal as a front desk clerk at the casino. I was really excited to have a week with my mom to myself. The wh ole ride over we were talking about what I wanted to do that week. Making plans and having â€Å"me time† seemed very important at the time. I woke up Tuesday morning excited for the day I was going to spend with my mom. I was sitting at the kitchen table drinking fresh coffee listening to my mom and Aunt Ana joke around about how paranoid my mom was about doing well in her classes, my aunt was telling her that maybe now that I was there, she would relax a little bit and have some fun. Our plan was to go to one of mom’s classes with her, and then on a tour of CNU and then we were going to go to dinner and a movie. We were interrupted by a phone call from my Aunt Nilsa. My mom was still joking and in a silly mood when she started talking to my aunt. Suddenly the conversation turned from joking to dead silence and my mom started crying. She tearfully asked, â€Å"Why what happened? Was he alone?† I was thinking my cousin went riding and fell off her four-wheeler or that something had happened to my grandfather. She kept on saying â€Å"OH MY GOD, NO†. Aunt Ana asked â€Å"What happened? What is going o n?† And then Mom told us; Fran, my uncle was shot and he did not survive. I felt as if I was paralyzed, I felt that if I moved it would be real. I just had this blank look on my face. I had no reaction at first and I wanted to deny it, all of it. I kept saying to myself, no it is a lie, they made a mistake. To my complete horror I was wrong. My mom kept saying â€Å"I have got to go see Fran. I need to see with my brother† My mom ran down stairs to get ready to go, I followed her and just stood there, still paralyzed. She hugged me and said that she loved me. I had never seen my mom so panicked. She went into the bathroom to take a shower and I could still hear her sobbing through the door. I was all by myself, now. I was standing in the middle of the family room as the words â€Å"He is dead† pierced my heart like daggers of ice. I was screaming OH, GOD NO, and started to cry uncontrollably. The realization that I would never see my uncle again struck me. After I got myself under control I went and packed my things to leave with my mother. As soon as we were done we were on the next flight to New Jersey. I come from a big family with many loving aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents. As I was standing there all alone I thought back to the time when I got to spend a week with Fran. Almost a year ago to the date, most of the family was together for my other uncle’s wedding. All the cousins sat at the same table and we had such a good time together. He was a busy person, he had so many things that he wanted to accomplish, but because over a little minor argument he was killed. So my chances to know my uncle better were gone. My Mom and aunt had to call everyone and tell them the tragic news. They could hardly speak without breaking down. My Mom called Fran’s fiancà ©e and got more of the traumatic details and then filled us in, although none of us wanted to know how he had got killed. We were all trying to figure out what to do for the funeral. We realized that the funeral would have to be held in New Jersey where my uncle had lived for the past eight years. The best and worst part of the day was when they got the pictures of him throughout his life to make a collage. One minute we were laughing at the food on his face when he was a baby and the next we were crying about how good looking he was. That evening all my family from Puerto Rico Flew in and we had a small get together. A few days later when we were getting ready for the memorial service I managed to keep my cool until I realized why I was seeing these familiar faces. Once the service started I managed to keep my emotions in tack until I saw my grandmother break down. I could not even look up at her because I thought about how I would feel in the same situation. Your life can change drastically at any moment. Do not take life or the people that you love for granted, you are only here once. Losing my uncle a couple months ago taught me that living every day intentionally and purposefully is what I intend to strive for.