`` Still Separate, Still Unequal `` By David Matthews Essay

The battle to achieve a sense of fairness and equality has been relevant amongst humans since the beginning of time. Advocates who effortlessly argue the need for an equal socioeconomic system recognize that little to no change has been made throughout time. Philosopher John Rawls’s principles of fairness and equality state that everyone has a right to basic liberties and the greatest social and economic privileges are granted only if the greatest social and economic benefits are granted to the most disadvantaged people. The articles, â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† by Jonathan Kozol, â€Å"Rethinking Affirmative Action† by David Leonhardt, and Progress Made, but Science Still a Man s World: News by David Matthews, all illustrate how John Rawls’s principles are still not being realized today to their fullest extent. In Jonathan Kozol’s article, he demonstrates how the educational system in America is still racially divided despite the end of se gregation in the 1900s. In David Leonhardt’s article, he conveys the notion that although people have equal rights there still exists a gap in fairness. In David Matthews’s article, he focuses on the fact that women are still overruled by men in the workplace despite previous strong efforts of gender equality in the United States. Based on the article â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† by Jonathan Kozol, it is clear that John Rawls’s principles are not being realized in today s society due to a still-segregated educational system. KozolShow MoreRelatedThe Role of the Death Penalty on Preventing Future Crime Essay8133 Words   |  33 Pagestherefore is irreversible. If we are to take a step so drastic, we must be careful that we apply it rationally and without error. The U.S. Supreme Court recognizes this requirement. It demands special trial procedures such as a two-stage trial that separates questions of guilt from questions of penalty. 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Israel and Judah’s Sins and Destruction Free Essays

Israel and Judah sinned against God which provoked Him to uproot them from their land. According to 2 Kings 17, Israel and Judah failed to follow God’s covenant by worshipping â€Å"other gods† (v. 8), following â€Å"the practices of the nations the Lord had driven out before them, as well as the practices that the kings of Israel had introduced† (v. We will write a custom essay sample on Israel and Judah’s Sins and Destruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8), building â€Å"high places in all their towns† (v. 9), setting up â€Å"sacred stones and Asherah poles on every high hill and under every spreading tree† (v. 10), and burning â€Å"incense† in every high place† (v.  11). Way back to the time God saved them out of Egypt, God commanded them as part of his covenant not to â€Å"worship any other gods or bow down to them, serve them or sacrifice to them† (v. 35). But, when they came to the Promised Land, they forgot God’s commandments and His covenant. They, instead, worshipped idols and other gods which made God angry. These idols include one that is shaped like a cow, and the other one â€Å"an Asherah pole† (v. 16). They also worshipped the stars in the heavens and Baal. Worse, they sacrificed their children â€Å"in the fire† and â€Å"practiced divination and sorcery† (v. 17). God sent them warnings through His prophets. In 2 Kings 17: 13, God says, â€Å"Turn from your evil ways. Observe my commands and decrees, in accordance with the entire Law that I commanded your fathers to obey and that I delivered to you through my servants the prophets. † And in 2 Kings 21:12-15, God revealed what he intends to do with them. Yet, despite the warnings God sent, they continued with what they are doing and they have become stubborn and incorrigible. They would not repent from their wickedness. Consequently, God â€Å"removed them from his presence† (2 Kings 17:18) by sending invaders such as the King of Assyria to Israel, and the King of Babylon to the tribe of Judah. These invaders plundered their land and they were brought to another land. So the Israelites were exiled in Assyria as what can be read from 2 Kings 17 and the tribe of Judah was brought to Babylon according to 2 Kings 25. In 2 Kings, there is a cycle of sin, judgment, and restoration of the Israelites and the tribe of Judah. Moreover, there are also prophetic messages through the Minor Prophets Joel and Micah. However, this cycle of sin, judgment and restoration did not only happen to the Israelites and to the tribe of Judah but this is also taking place in our world today. The Prophet Isaiah in Isaiah 66, warns of people who â€Å"did evil in my [God’s] sight and chose what displeases me [God]† (v. 4). They will be judged according to their deeds but if they â€Å"consecrate and purify themselves† (v. 17), God â€Å"will bring all your brothers, from all the nations, to my holy mountain in Jerusalem as an offering to the LORD† (v. 20). Joel, in chapters 1 and 2 of Joel, prophesies of a day when locusts will come to the land and he calls out to the people of Israel to repent from their wicked ways. Along with a call to repentance is the assurance of restoration from God. Likewise, Micah points out the sins of Israel and Judah and prophesies that their â€Å"idols will be broken to pieces; all her temple gifts will be burned with fire† (Micah 1: 7). But God promises deliverance in Micah 2: 12-13. This cycle of sin, judgment, and restoration can be seen in the individuals and in groups of people nowadays. Like for example, an individual person commits a sin of lying and cheating which are minor sins and suffers the consequences for those sins, yet when he/ she repents, God makes a way for that person to be restored and to have a new life. In our times when natural and man-made disasters are happening, most of these are results of man’s neglect and carelessness. However, despite the sins of man, God comes to rescue them and he restores peace to the land. References 2 Kings 17-25. BibleGateway. Com. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? book_id=12chapter=24version=31 Isaiah 66. BibleGateway. Com. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Isaiah%2066;version=31; Joel 1 2. BibleGateway. Com. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Joel%201;2;version=31; Micah 1 2. BibleGateway. Com. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Micah%201;2;version=31; How to cite Israel and Judah’s Sins and Destruction, Papers

Systems for Education Essay Example For Students

Systems for Education Essay Critically evalue the aims of Vouchers Systems for Education in General From the beginning of the 1980s, Conservative party policy was highly influenced by the virtues of the free market as advocated by a number of right-wing theorists and think-tanks. Like the rest of the public sector, education was not to escape the wrath of New Right ideological reforms that were to ensue. The principal aims of educational policy were to make the system more responsive to industry and more susceptible to market forces; the desired means of achieving the latter being increased parental choice through the introduction of a scheme of educational vouchers. Educational vouchers emerged from the USA in the 1960s and have been described by Arthur Seldon of the Institute of Economic Affairs as a highly flexible instrument, with many variations, that would replace the financing of schools through taxes under political control and bureaucratic supervision by payments direct from parents thus equipped with a new ability ( for the 95% with middle or lower incomes) to compare schools and move between them (Seldon, 1981:1). The subject of vouchers has been much debated in recent months and has, to an extent, been implemented in the nursery and pre-school sector with expansion envisaged across the whole education arena. The basic scheme involves vouchers being given to parents who have children of school age. The vouchers, which have a monetary value of one years education, are passed on to the educational institution chosen by parents or consumers (students). Institutions return the voucher to the government and receive a monetary allocation covering the costs of education for that year. This would entitle consumers to a standard place at the institution of their choice, but those who could afford to do so would be able to supplement the voucher and shop around for a more expensive place, perhaps in the private sector. This implies the creation of a two-tier system with those having the ability to pay, obtaining a better or more exclusive education. The scheme would remain under state control and encourages both state and private schools to participate. Advocates of the scheme believe that it would result in increased choice for consumers, greater competition, more accountability, responsiveness and diversity. In contrast critics argue that the scheme is inequitable, expensive and bureaucratic. The idea of introducing vouchers into education has attracted a variety of support from free market economists such as the Adam Smith Institute as well as public choice economists including Milton Friedman, to liberal educationalists including Chris Jencks. In his book Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman argues that education should be provided by private schools paid for with vouchers. This would introduce the virtues of market allocation to the distribution of educational opportunity. He suggests that the role of the state should be limited to ensuring minimum standards required for a stable society. He argued that the use of vouchers would bring competition, thus developing and improving all schools. This, in turn, would result in several advantages: The injection of competition would do much to promote a healthy variety of schools. It would do much, also, to introduce flexibility into school systems. Not least of its benefits would be to make the salaries of school teachers responsive to market forces (Friedman, 1962:93). Another free market economist, Adam Smith, argued that schools and colleges were protected because of continual and permanent income from government which resulted in a lack of effectiveness and responsiveness. He believed this would be alleviated by introducing a market system, like that of vouchers, by making teachers more innovative and creative. Smith also suggested that the state should limit support to capital expenses leaving parents to pay the schoolmasters salary if they were satisfied with his performance (La Noue, 1972:71). Vouchers have been promoted by right-wing conservatives as a means of empowering consumers and breaking the monopoly of local education authorities. The introduction of vouchers would have a significant impact on local authority funding because at present approximately half of local government spending is absorbed by providing local education.

Miss Cynthie and City of Refuge Comparison free essay sample

Pedro Rodriguez Exam #1 The Great Migration reshape of American History Rudolph Fisher in the story Miss Cynthie and City of Refuge does a great job by exploiting the different characters of the Great Migration. For example, for immigrants that has just arrived to Harlem Fisher highlights Miss Cynthie and Gillis. For immigrants that are established in Harlem Fisher highlights two characters headed in two different directions; one is David an established artist, second is Uggam a person involved in illegal activities. All of these serve the purpose of reporters for the reader to get a deeper knowledge of the life during the Great Migration. When Miss Cynthie arrives to the city of New York she is flabbergasted at the decorum that she is shown. We see this when the red cap gentleman calls Miss Cynthie madam something that she have never heard in Waxhaw. In the book Miss Cynthie tells the red cap gentleman â€Å"you liked to took my breath back yonder, boy, callin’ me madam. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Cynthie and City of Refuge Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Back home everybody call me Miss Cynthie†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Well, you see, we call everybody madam†(page 36-37) Miss Cynthie is astound that in New York people show so much respect to others; her perspective of the city has already changed. At first she expected that the way that she was going to be greeted was similar to how she is greeted in Waxhaw; as Miss Cynthie not as madam. You can further read of Miss Cynthie dubious perspective towards the city during her conversation between her and the young man. The young man tells Miss Cynthie â€Å"There aren’t any snakes in the city†. â€Å"There’s snakes everywhere, chile†. page 35) This paradoxical exchange between Miss Cynthie and the gentleman exposes how oblivious both are to each other’s background. The gentleman is talking about actual snakes and Miss Cynthie is referring to burglars. There are major discrepancies between the lexicon of people in Waxhaw and New York. Miss Cynthie meanwhile, alr eady has a pre-determined assumption that the city like her town of Waxhaw will have burglars. Another assumption that you can read that Miss Cynthie has is that in order for a person to be successful they must be a doctor or an undertaker. We read about this interaction when Miss Cynthie is talking with the red cap gentleman. Miss Cynthie says â€Å"But he’s done succeeded at sump’m. Mus’ be at least a undertaker, â€Å"cause he started sending’ the homefolks money, and he come home las’ year dressed like Judge pettiford’s boy what went off to school in Virginia. †(page 36 – 37) Miss Cynthie’s perspective as the new immigrant into the city is that if you are a successful person that you must have become successful because you are a doctor or an undertaker. Miss Cynthie’s believes that is the only possible way that David must have become successful. Miss Cynthie’s perspective is very narrow in which she believes that Doctors and Undertakers are the only ones that can be as wealthy as David. Miss Cynthie’s perspective of Dave’s career is look down upon once she finds out what Dave has actually become. She has a pre-determined assumption that the crowd watching the show must not be following the acts of God. We see this when in the story it states â€Å"She sat with stricken eyes watching this boy whom she’d raised from a babe, taught right from wrong, brought up in the church, and endowed with her prayers, this child whom she had dreamed of seeing a preacher, a regular doctor, a tooth-doctor, a foot-doctor, at the very least an undertaker—sat watching him disport himself for the benefit of a sin-sick, flesh-hungry mob of lost souls, not one of whom knew or cared to know the loving-kindness of God;† (Page 45) Miss Cynthie’s perspective is that if you are dancing and exploiting yourself in this form, then you must be worshipping the devil. She also has determined that the audience does not have any interest in appreciating the work of the lord. Furthermore, we read once again of Miss Cynthie’s interest of having her son seek a career that would bring more dignity than a dancer. We finally read about Miss Cynthie perspective changing and her accepting her Grandson’s career once she sees that Dave has sang a song that she taught him when he was young. What we are able to see from this change of heart is that Miss Cynthie understands that just because Dave chose a different career it does not mean that he forgot about the morals that she taught him. We see Miss Cynthie’s perspective towards Dave changing when in the story it says â€Å"Miss Cynthie, smiling at him with bright, meaningful eyes, leaned over without rising from her chair, jerked a tiny twig off the stem of the flower, ten sat decisively back, resolutely folding her arms, with only a leaf in her hand. â€Å"This’ll do me,† she said. †(page 47) The action of Miss Cynthie reaching for a leaf is a symbol of her acceptance towards David’s career. Miss Cynthie perspective towards the north changes, as she is able to acknowledge that just because you are ancing does not mean that you lose your morals. Dave’s perspective in the story is a very seldom one because he wants to slowly get Miss Cynthie accustomed to live in the North. The way that Dave does this is by showing Miss Cynthie around the town and then finally decides to take her to watch the play. We see evidence of Dave’s humbleness when Miss Cynthie ask Dave about h is career and she mentions that she prefers for him to be a doctor or at least and undertaker, Dave responds â€Å"Undertaker! Oh, Miss Cynthie—with my sunny disposition? † (page 38) This was a very humble approach by Dave to take. The perspective of the immigrant that already lives in Harlem is not to be astound but more to be a progressive. Dave sounds like an ambitious individual that would not settle for less. We see evidence of Dave’s ambitiousness when he and Miss Cynthie are talking about churches Dave says â€Å"Nobody’s hand-me-down gift†, which Miss Cynthie responds â€Å"Oh, yes, it was a gift, David. It was a gift from on high†. (page 39) Dave is telling Miss Cynthie that everything everyone in Harlem has achieves is because they have worked hard that nothing has been handed down. Miss Cynthie of course repudiates those comments by stating that everything has been handed down from God. In the story of City of Refuge Gillis is fascinated in seeing a black person in power. Gillis perspective is that he would never see a black police officer in power and that is why he abides; when the black officer is going to reprehend him. We see this in the last page where it states, â€Å"Gillis found himself face to face with a uniformed black policeman. He stopped as if stunned. For a moment he simply stared. Into his mind swept his own words, like a forgotten song suddenly recalled:â€Å"Cullud policemans! †The officer stood ready, awaiting his rush. â€Å"Even — got — cullud — policemans —†Very slowly King Solomon’s arms relaxed; very slowly he stood erect; and the grin that came over his features had something exultant about it. † (Page 11) Gillis is amazed to see a black person in power that he is no longer going to resist arrest. The story states about how he had this big grin on his face when he saw the black officer and this grin is a grin of accomplish. Gillis feels like black people have had a big accomplishment. Back in North Carolina he was wanted for murder and it was not going to be a black officer that was going to arrest him. The City of Refuge is the epitome of the great migration. The story talks about all the different activities that were going on in Harlem at the time. For example, in the story it talks about the Harlem Hell Fighters, when it mentions â€Å" The Uggams were always talking about it; one of their boys had gone to France in the draft and, returning, had never got any nearer home than Harlem. (page 1) The Harlem Hell Fighters were a unit of black airmen that fought in World War 1 for France. This story makes a great connection with the great migration because only in Harlem at the time where black people given the chance to serve their country. We further read about the great migration when Gillis just arrives in Harlem and he has notice black people everywhere. In page 1 it also states â€Å"Negroes at ev ery turn; †¦ women, bundle-laden, trudging reluctantly homeward, children rattle-trapping about the sidewalks; here and there a white face drifting along, but Negroes predominantly, overwhelmingly everywhere. There was assuredly no doubt of his whereabouts. This was Negro Harlem. † This story helps explain the great migration and how blacks were settling in Harlem. This also helps to distinguish the different black folks that were settling in Harlem. The narrator descriptive details of the people that lived in Harlem at the time, helps validate the variation of people that were migrating to the north. Uggam as the immigrant that has lived in Harlem perspective is to find a way that he can survive rather than worry about racial discrepancies. We see this when Uggam is having the conversation with King Solomon and King Solomon tells Uggam that he wants to be a police officer. Uggam’s response is â€Å"You’ll do it,† laughed Uggam, â€Å"if you live long enough. † (page 10) Uggam is not too concerned with dreams and aspirations his main objective is to survive. King Solomon on the contrary does have some dreams of his own but Uggam mockingly tells Solomon the answer that he wants to hear. Even though, Uggam does not believe that Solomon will live to become a police officer. Uggam’s entire perspective throughout the story is to find a way to survive. To conclude, both City of Refuge and Miss Cynthie helped reshape some of the stories that we do not hear during the great migration. Both stories served the purpose of informing the readers of stories that transcended through Harlem. Throughout the text, Miss Cynthie and Gillis perspective is mostly in astonishment; while, Uggam and Dave’s perspective is shaped on a will to survive and progress.

Industrial Revolution Writing Assignment essays

Industrial Revolution Writing Assignment essays An industrial worker would work for 6 to 8 hours or more. They had poor working conditions, and were often overworked. For the workers to adjust to their routine the factory management would punish or fine workers for every mistake they made. Working conditions were unsanitary and dangerous toward the health. For example, the cotton mills with the depressing heat, or the coalmines with the air pollution, cave-ins, and labor of carrying heavy loads of coal. Which caused many workers to become physically deformed. Industrial workers worker very hard and were underpaid. Now farmers, make their money from the produce they grew on the field they toiled on. They worked vigorously at harvest time, but were used to periods of rest, unlike factory workers. Since farmers grew everything they needed, money was not an issue, or even oftener used. Unlike industrial workers who tried to make the most money possible, and who had to live off the money they made. New social distinction was needed because of difference in payment from jobs, money owned, and life-style. For instance, because of the of the amount of money the working-class made, the quality of housing, clothing, food, and other material items be a great deal different than with the factory owners. Thus many farmers became members of the working class because of the little money they made and heavy work they carried out. And so the new class of factory-owners was called bourgeois. Now, money was not the only reason that they need of social structure, the job itself would require it. A farmer, for instance, would produce his own living, and so would have no use for much money. And would most likely stay a farmer with no way of becoming a factory owner because of the great deal of money that would be needed to just start one. While a factory owner/industrial worker, who lived in the city, would need and make more money, and have more job opportunities to go upon. The bourgeoisie were als...

Vellum Review Read This Guide Before Using It!

Vellum Review Read This Guide Before Using It! Vellum Review: Read This Guide Before Using It! From Google Docs to Scrivener to our very own Reedsy Book Editor, there are countless tools out there for writers to create, edit, and ultimately format and export their books to publish. Vellum is another one that you probably recognize, though you might not be completely familiar with its mechanics. That’s why we wanted to comprehensively review the latest Vellum software! In this post we'll evaluate key features, overall pros and cons, and how to know if it’s the right software for you.First off, let’s cover what Vellum is, as well as the different packages and pricing available.What is Vellum?Vellum is a book creation tool for Mac that allows you to professionally format books for publication. The Vellum software is free to download and use, but you’ll need to purchase a package to actually export your files to publish.The Vellum package options are:1. Vellum Ebooks - allows you to create and export unlimited ebooks. 💠°Cost: $199.992. Vellum Press - allows you to create and export unlimited ebooks and paperbacks. 💠°Cost: $249.99 What is the Best Service for Print on Demand Books? Read post If you purchase Vellum Ebooks first, you can upgrade to Vellum Press for an additional $99.99. However, the mathematically-minded user will realize that this is $50 more than you’d pay for Vellum Press alone. So if there’s even a chance that you’ll end up printing your books, you might want to invest in Vellum Press outright.These prices might seem pretty steep for publishing software, but keep in mind that you’re not just going to be using Vellum as a replacement for Microsoft Word. Indeed, its primary function is formatting, not writing, and its features allow for fairly sophisticated book design. Its strengths include great import and export abilities, style templates, and a multi-platform previewing tool - all of which we’ll cover below.Did you know? The material â€Å"vellum† is parchment made from stretched calfskin, used by writers for centuries in lieu of paper. Though it’s much rarer nowadays, vellum is still used for certain religious and archival purposes, such as printing scrolls of the Torah and the British Acts of Parliament.Key features of Vellum 2.5.3📠¥ Import capabilities If you’d like to test out the importer (or any of the following features) yourself, you can do so using the sample documents provided on the Vellum Tutorial page.ðŸ“â€" Book StylesIf any one feature makes Vellum worth its hefty price tag, it’s Book Styles. Once you’ve arranged your chapters to your heart’s content, you can navigate to this panel (under â€Å"Styles† on the left) to tailor just about every other aspect of your formatting and interior design. Start by selecting the overall aesthetic of your book under the main Book Style heading (with stylishly named options such as â€Å"Meridian,† â€Å"Artisanal,† and â€Å"Oxford†). Then go on to customize just about everything else!As you switch back and forth among the different styles, Vellum will also display each option in an e-reader preview on the right, so you can get a sneak peek at the final product. Speaking of which, those previews aren’t just for experi menting with Book Styles†¦Ã°Å¸â€˜â‚¬ Preview modeAnother helpful feature of Vellum is its Preview mode. Most formatting tools have a preview mode of sorts, but Vellum’s is particularly thorough. It allows you to see how your book will look on a wide variety of e-readers: Kindle Fire and Paperwhite, Apple iPad and iPhone, Nook SimpleTouch, Kobo Glo, and Android tablet. Simply click on the tablet icon in the toolbar to select your mode of choice.You can also preview how your pages would appear in a print book. Vellum definitely shines here, as it has both Draft mode (for looking at the overall text) and Proof mode (for scrutinizing the layout and design). The only downside is that Proof mode can be a bit slow to run. So if you’re using Vellum to preview a print book, you should probably save the â€Å"Proof† preview until your very last once-over.📠¤ Export capabilities What Are the Standard Book Sizes in Publishing? Read post Finally, we have Vellum’s export capabilities, which match its trusty import capabilities: the app exports smoothly and true to preview. As long as you’ve checked over your book on every kind of e-reader, you should have no trouble. Naturally, it also exports in various file types for ebooks, and different trim sizes for print books.However, it’s easy to forget that you won’t be able to export files from Vellum without paying for a full package - and you don’t want to frustrate yourself by designing the perfect book, only to realize you don’t actually have the budget for it. So be honest with yourself about what you’re willing (and able) to spend, and weigh your formatting options carefully before you begin this process. Luckily, our next section should help you with that!Overall pros and cons of Vellum👠 ProsVarious professional, aesthetically pleasing formatting options with Book Styles.Can include links to external sources a nd your other books. If you provide it with the right identifier, Vellum will even generate the correct link depending on what kind of file you export - so for example, if it’s a MOBI for Amazon, Vellum will automatically insert the appropriate Amazon link.Preview function helps clearly envision the final product, whether it’s an ebook or print book.No limit to the number of books you can export after you’ve purchased a package - great for authors self-publishing long series, and even has built-in box set capabilities.👎 ConsMuch more expensive to use than comparable book formatting tools, such as Apple Pages (free), Kindle Create (free), the Reedsy Book Editor (free), and Scrivener ($45).Not available for PC - though you can still use Vellum on a PC, if you’re willing to pay for access to a â€Å"virtual† Mac.Doesn’t lend itself well to substantial textual edits. For example, if you write a new sentence to replace an old one, but then want to undo the typing (Ctrl+Z), Vellum will undo each individual letter rather than the whole sentence at once. (This is why, though it can be used as a word processor, we recommend waiting to import your book into Vellum until you have a final draft.)The bottom lineVellum software is a solid investment if you’re planning on self-publishing multiple books, especially if you’ve been dissatisfied with other DIY formatting options in the past. However, if this is only your first book, and/or you’re not sure whether you’ll go the self-publishing or traditional publishing route, it’s best to hold off for now - especially if you’re on a budget, since $199.99 (at minimum) is nothing to sneeze at. The Best Novel Writing Software of 2019 Read post In the meantime, why not check out some free book formatting tools, just to get a feel for the process? (We hear that RBE is pretty cool.) Or if you’re on the hunt to purchase some writing software, but don’t quite have Vellum-deep pockets, check out this post on the best - and relatively affordable - pieces of novel writing software in 2019. Don’t be afraid to try out lots of different programs: that’s the only way to find out what’s right for you!Have you used Vellum to format your books? If so, tell us about it in the comments - and if not, leave a question for someone who has!

Disability and education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Disability and education - Essay Example The most eminent AS characteristics include, Seizures, which start showing at the age of 2 to 3 years affecting approximately 80% of all children experiencing AS (Clayton-Smith, 2010). Speech impairment, which ranges from little to no words at advanced stages. Consequently, this forces some victims end up using gestures or picture communication systems while conversing with other people (Clayton-Smith, 2010). In adult stage, people experiencing AS usually develop facial distinct features commonly described as â€Å"coarse† Victims of this disorder exhibit hyperactivity and in some cases stiff limbs, which become hindrance to their mobility. Sleep disorder. Imbalance state especially when one is walking or trying to undertake certain personal tasks. Exuberant behavior coupled with happy demeanor (Dan, 2009). b. Incidence/prevalence Studies so far contacted cite AS is among the rarest diseases not only in US but also globally. Its prevalence is about one person in every populati on ranging from 12,000 to 20,000 people (Panayiotopoulos, 2010). However, this prevalence only represents estimates because the disorder’s exact data up to date is still unknown. ... d. Etiology Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a disorder normally caused by the anomalous functioning of the UBE3A gene, located on chromosome number 15. A child inherits a copy of the gene from each parent. The two copies are active in nearly all the body tissues but only the gene replica attained from the mother is active in the brain. The disorder occurs due to four major genetic mechanisms, which include chromosome 15q11 –q13 deletion. It involves deletion of a very small piece of DNA missing from the chromosome. The number of Angelman Disorder due to deletion range from 65% to 75% and the risk of recurrence rate being 1 %(Cassidy & Allanson, 2011). The second mechanism is the paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) whereby the patient posses two copies of the chromosome 15 and no copy of the same chromosome from the mother. The number of AS cases due to UPD accounts for 3 to 5 %of all reported cases where chances of recurrence is below 1 percent. The third mechanism encompasses Imprint ing Center (IC) mutations, which account for about 7% to 9% of the reported AS cases and has a significant recurrence of 50%. The IC works like a switch. It turns on the UBE3A gene copy inherited from the mother while at the same time turns off the copy of the gene inherited from the father in the central nervous system tissues. The fourth mechanism is the UBE3A mutations. It occurs irregularly in patients suffering from it and accounts for an approximately 6% to 20% of the total AS cases. Normally, the risk of recurrence is less than 1% but increases to 50% if the mother of the affected person has the UBE3A mutation on her inherited paternal chromosome 15. However, in

Monetary Policy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monetary Policy - Article Example result of the country’s monetary policy which has reduced interest rates too record low levels with the aim of stimulating the economy by encouraging borrowing. the article also does observe that low interest rates can be beneficial to companies in the sense that they can borrow money cheaply. The article revisits the issue of pension plans which were used to compensate workers instead of using pay increments. While these plans were quite helpful, they currently seem unsustainable as companies that contribute to pensions struggle with costs. The authors crunch some numbers, noting that pension plan funding experienced a fall of $79 billion in 2012. Using examples of big companies, the authors are able to show the effect of falling interest rates on pension plans. For example, Monga and Ramsey (1) observe that falling interest rates in Europe and the United states have seen the company reduce its discount rate from 4.6 percent to 3.84 percent. Some of the companies mentioned in the article that are pouring cash into their pensions include General Motors, Boeing, Verizon Communications and AT&T. therefore, while low interest rates might encourage borrowing, they affect other economic aspects

The USA and World War 1 Essay Example for Free

The USA and World War 1 Essay In this essay I am writing about why the USA got involved with World War 1 and why they did not join the League of Nations. I am going to find what provoked the Americans to get involved with the war and who it was that provoked them to do so. I will also state what the Americans gained from World War 1. One of the reasons that the USA got involved with the war was because the Germans sunk an American ship, which was shot by a Torpedo at about 2:15pm on the starboard side, about 1900 people died. Following this, is a brief description of what happened and how many peopled suffered from this brutal attack, and some might call it cowardly, and frankly I agree with them. On 7 May 1915, the Lusitania was in the dangerous waters off the southern coast of Ireland. Although the Cunard Archives indicate that Captain Turner took the necessary precautions, other sources indicate the Captain failed to follow directives to sail in a zig-zagging fashion and did not travel these waters at top speed in order to conserve fuel. It should be noted, also, that no military escort was provided even though the Germans had been quite explicit in their threats against British shipping. At approximately 2:15pm a torpedo struck the Lusitania on the starboard side between the third and fourth funnels. This strike was followed by another explosion of uncertain origin. The Lusitania sank bow first, in a manner similar to the Titanic. Unlike the Titanic, however, the Lusitanias rapidity of sinking stopped people getting to the lifeboats but there were very few lifeboats on the ship anyway. Given the nature and design of the submarine, the German U-boat made no attempt to rescue anyone. Kapitanleutnant Schwieger noted in his diary that the ship would not last long, and that he could not fire another torpedo at the people trying to save themselves. Following the sinking of the Lusitania, American public opinion began to turn against the Germans. The incident was the beginning of the end of unrestricted U-boat activity in the Atlanic. The Germans also planned to support Mexico so they could gain land from America and that made the Americans want to get involved in the war so the Germans could not help/make a Mexican Revolution. The Germans sent a Zimmerman note to the Mexicans to say that they would help them if the Germans won the war, But luckily the Americans latched on to this quickly and went to help Britain against Germany. The two other reasons that made America get involved with the war are both what we call a long term cause. The first of those reasons is Wilson made peace proposals which he promised to America that he would bring peace to the world, and helping Britain win the war would stop all the fighting and there would be peace in the world. The second long term cause is if Britain didnt win the war America would lose a lot of money. Because America loaned Britain $4 billion and if Britain lost the war America would not get their money back. But if Britain won the war then America would get all their money back with interest. Plus helping Britain win the war would attract a lot more people to move there because they would feel as they are safe and cant be hurt, and that would make the US economy better. Why didnt America join the League of Nations? They didnt join them because U.S. Senate rejected the League of Nations and the entire treaty. Republicans who favoured isolation (the irreconcilables) spurned the treaty. Conservative Republicans, disliked the treatys provisions for joint military actions against aggressors, even though such action was voluntary. They demanded a change, but Wilson refused to compromise. Overestimating his reputation and refusing to consider Republican reservations, Wilson remained stubborn. Stubborn and exhausted, the president campaigned for the treaty until he collapsed with a stroke. The United States never joined the League of Nations, started in 1919, and signed a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921. In my opinion I think America were a very clever country because they knew exactly what they were doing when they loaned out the money to Britain, because they knew that if they got involved in the war against Germany, Germany really didnt stand a chance and America would get all the money back with interest. But on the other hand I do think they should have joined the League of Nations, I dont think Wilson should have been so stubborn about it all. But Wilson is his own man and who am I to argue with him, he won the war for Britain in my point of view, and I have just got a gut feeling he was one step ahead of everyone else. I think Germany was a very devious country but never the less they had the guts and determination to battle Britain and the USA. But after the war they didnt just fall on the floor and give up they got back up on there feet and got on with there lives and 20 years on they start World War 2!! As for Britain, you cant really fault them, they won the war, and Britain made new Allies that would help them in the near future. So Britain gained a lot from the war as did America, but as for Germany, who is going to bring the pride back to their country so they can hold their heads high and be proud to be a German, maybe the name Adolf Hitler springs to mind..

Neuropathology Of Downs Syndrome Essay -- Medical Disease Health Essa

Neuropathology Of Down's Syndrome Down’s syndrome is the most commonly identified cause of mental retardation occurring in 1 out of 700 live births. In addition to mental deficiency, characteristics of the disease include epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, short stature, open mouth, protruding tongue and poor posture. A twenty-two to fifty fold increase in risk of the development of leukemia along with congenital heart defects in forty percent of these individuals is also seen. The increased level of purines often found can lead to mental retardation itself. Neurological impairment and immune system deficiencies make these individuals more susceptible to infection. Also noted are increased risk for cataract development and vision impairment due to defects in the lenses of the eyes. Evidence for the disease can be found as far back as the nineteenth century with many theories for the etiology of the disease. Early hypotheses include links to endocrine gland malfunction, tuberculosis, syphilis and "uterine exhaustion". The idea of uterine exhaustion was based on the observation that many children with Downs Syndrome (DS) tended to be the last born members of large families. This was later accounted for as mere coincidence. The first formal reference to the anomaly came in 1866 in England by a physician at the Earlewood Asylum noting the distinct physical characteristics of this group of individuals. In the 1930’s, Adrian Bleyer hypothesized that the condition was caused by a failure of the chromosomes to separate but could provide no proof for this since an accurate human chromosome count had not yet been obtained by anyone. The correct number of 46 chromosomes was obtained in Sw... ...rebrain Cholinergic and Pontine Catecholaminergic Nuclei in the Brain of Trisomy 16 Mouse, an Animal Model of Down’s Syndrome. Brain Res. Devop. Brain Res.:50(2), 251-264. LeMay, M. and N. Alvarez (1990) The Relationship Between Enlargements of the Temporal Horns of the Lateral Ventricles and Dementia in Aging Patients with Down’s Syndrome. Neuroradiology: 32 (2), 104-107. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American: 255 (8), 52-60. Pearlson, G. D., et. al. (1990) Brain Atrophy in 18 Patients with Down Syndrome: a CT study. AJNR: 265, 811-816. Plioplys, A. (1987) Down’s Syndrome Precocious Neurofilament Antigen Expression. J. Neuroscien.: 79, 91-100. Sacks, B. and S. Smith (1989) People with Down’s Syndrome Can be Distinguished on the Basis of Cholinergic Dysfunction. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry: 52(11), 1294-1295. Neuropathology Of Down's Syndrome Essay -- Medical Disease Health Essa Neuropathology Of Down's Syndrome Down’s syndrome is the most commonly identified cause of mental retardation occurring in 1 out of 700 live births. In addition to mental deficiency, characteristics of the disease include epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, short stature, open mouth, protruding tongue and poor posture. A twenty-two to fifty fold increase in risk of the development of leukemia along with congenital heart defects in forty percent of these individuals is also seen. The increased level of purines often found can lead to mental retardation itself. Neurological impairment and immune system deficiencies make these individuals more susceptible to infection. Also noted are increased risk for cataract development and vision impairment due to defects in the lenses of the eyes. Evidence for the disease can be found as far back as the nineteenth century with many theories for the etiology of the disease. Early hypotheses include links to endocrine gland malfunction, tuberculosis, syphilis and "uterine exhaustion". The idea of uterine exhaustion was based on the observation that many children with Downs Syndrome (DS) tended to be the last born members of large families. This was later accounted for as mere coincidence. The first formal reference to the anomaly came in 1866 in England by a physician at the Earlewood Asylum noting the distinct physical characteristics of this group of individuals. In the 1930’s, Adrian Bleyer hypothesized that the condition was caused by a failure of the chromosomes to separate but could provide no proof for this since an accurate human chromosome count had not yet been obtained by anyone. The correct number of 46 chromosomes was obtained in Sw... ...rebrain Cholinergic and Pontine Catecholaminergic Nuclei in the Brain of Trisomy 16 Mouse, an Animal Model of Down’s Syndrome. Brain Res. Devop. Brain Res.:50(2), 251-264. LeMay, M. and N. Alvarez (1990) The Relationship Between Enlargements of the Temporal Horns of the Lateral Ventricles and Dementia in Aging Patients with Down’s Syndrome. Neuroradiology: 32 (2), 104-107. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American: 255 (8), 52-60. Pearlson, G. D., et. al. (1990) Brain Atrophy in 18 Patients with Down Syndrome: a CT study. AJNR: 265, 811-816. Plioplys, A. (1987) Down’s Syndrome Precocious Neurofilament Antigen Expression. J. Neuroscien.: 79, 91-100. Sacks, B. and S. Smith (1989) People with Down’s Syndrome Can be Distinguished on the Basis of Cholinergic Dysfunction. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry: 52(11), 1294-1295.

Quality Web Design

Quality Web Design (QWD) Security Weaknesses Steve Gelin Submitted to: Jack Sibrizzi SE571: Principles of Information Security and Privacy Keller Graduate School of Management Submitted: 8/25/2012 Table of Contents Executive Summary3 Company Overview3 Security Vulnerabilities3 Software Vulnerabilities4 Hardware Vulnerabilities4 Recommended Solutions5 A Hardware Example Solution5 A Software Example Solution5Impact on Business Processes5 Summary5 References6 Executive Summary My paper focuses on a security assessment of Quality Web Design (QWD), which is a very successful company that is well-known for its magnificent and appealing websites; they work on trying to get your company or business in the top 10 search engine results so that searchers find you on the first page of the search results.They have a competitive pricing scheme going on, they offer many different options for their website construction, and they start by offering the customer a selection of pre-designed websites tha t they themselves can customize with their individual logos, text, images, themes or just a whole different template and any other information that would be helpful in catching the eye of potential customers. Company OverviewQuality Web Design (QWD) is a business that specifies and focuses on Web site, Web development, content design, programming, graphic design, photo editing and logo design for all types of businesses. QWD is a web graphic design and development company based out of Orlando, Fl. QWD cater to a huge and diverse clientele that spans across USA, UK and Canada. Security Vulnerabilities: Software Vulnerabilities Listed further down are two security vulnerabilities: software and hardware.These security vulnerabilities were identified through the initial verification of the QWD software usage for their web design company. A majority of QWD personnel require out of office access when working on projects for the company, so the use of Virtual Private Networks called (VPNâ €™s), Outlook Web email, Microsoft SQL 2008 Server and Microsoft Exchange 2007 email servers which utilize the corporate intranet resources.Remotely utilizing these programs or software out of the company will cause QWD to be exposed to attacks from the internet. But not only that, employees put the utilization of corporate equipment such as desktops, laptops & mobile devices (iPhones and Windows Mobile 6) in very harmful situations that the company will pay for dearly later as time progress. Having these equipment listed it is possible to incur outside attacks from the internet while utilizing the company intranet resource on a remote computer that is not protected.As I’ve read the different equipment listed within the QWD company it seems that there employee laptops, & mobile devices are being used unprotected over the internet which could lead to situations such as Trojan horses and email worms. For example Microsoft Exchange 2007 email servers has a well-known vulnera bility that could allow remote code execution, this vulnerability can allow an attacker to take control of your affected system with Exchange Server service account privileges or the attacker could just disable your services within Microsoft Exchange completely.Hardware Vulnerabilities The same can be said for the companies hardware systems listed such as their iPhones and Windows Mobile 6, these hardware devices that employees of QWD are devices that can easily be hacked by an outside user for example the iPhone 4 has a vulnerability that allows an intruder to be able to act silently and retrieve e-mail messages, SMS messages, calendar appointments, contact information, photos, music files, videos, along with any other data recorded by iPhone apps.The same can be said for their Windows Mobile 6 devices, there’s a well know issue with the Bluetooth function in all Windows Mobile 6 devices. This issue allows an individual to read or write any file that’s on your mobile device, even the Internet Explorer on Windows Mobile 6 and Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphones allows attackers to cause a denial of service; which the attacker then uses to infiltrate your device to retrieve e-mail messages, SMS messages, and calendar appointments, contact information etc.From my research the only workaround provided for this vulnerability is not to accept pairing nor connection requests from unknown sources. So it would be better if the individuals who are using devices with Windows Mobile 6 as their operating system should be very mindful and careful of the things that they allow their devices to connect to. Recommended Solutions:For QWD the installation of anti-malware to protect against malicious applications, spyware, infected SD cards and malware-based attacks against their mobile or hardware devices such as iPhones, laptops etc. Strongly enforce security policies, such as mandating the use of strong PINs/Passcodes, use SSL VPN clients to effortlessly protect data in transit and ensure appropriate network authentication and access rights finally centralize locate and remote lock, wipe, backup and restore facilities for lost and stolen devices.As for software vulnerabilities the use of firewalls, on both laptops and desktops, anti-malware and spyware programs that will protect against malicious activities, updated software patches with the latest updates to security threats, the use of strong passwords and pass keys, when sending information over the internet whether classified or unclassified he use of an encryption tool to keep that information from being intercepted. Impact on Business Processes:As we all know as IT professional, there can be a lot of different impacts that can affect work progress within a company such as password update reminders, the cost that will be needed to implement these new changes, what would be the privacy, rules and regulations for these devices. Not only will these new changes cause confusion for the fir st few months of the change up, they may also cause employee’s to feel paranoid of the thought that their system could be compromised and that there being asked to constantly update things within their system.Summary: In summary this paper focuses on the vulnerabilities of QWD as a Web Design and development company, the software and hardware vulnerabilities of their system and the needed recommended solutions for all devices such as their iPhones and Windows Mobile 6 usable devices. These devices left unchecked can cause major issues to the company if such items were attacked and used to an attackers benefit. QWD as an organization must assess the situation with their software and hardware vulnerabilities and commence the proper and needed steps to counter these problems within QWD.References: Degerstrom, J. (2011). Browser Security and Quality Web Design. Retrieved from http://www. jimdegerstrom. com/blog/2011/05/browser-security-and-quality-web-design. html Lowe, S. (2009) . Patch these critical vulnerabilities in Exchange Server. Retrieved from http://www. techrepublic. om/blog/datacenter/patch-these-critical-vulnerabilities-in-exchange-server/611 Hamell, D. (2010). Malicious Mobile Threats Report. Retrieved from http://juniper. mwnewsroom. com/manual-releases/2011/At-Risk–Global-Mobile-Threat-Study-Finds-Security Norman, G. (2009). Windows Mobile 6. 0 Users Beware of Bluetooth Vulnerability. Retrieved from http://www. findmysoft. com/news/Windows-Mobile-6-0-and-6-1-Users-Beware-of-Bluetooth-Vulnerability/ Greenberg, A. (2011). iPhone Security Bug. Retrieved from

The Buddha Image: A Foundation for Attachment

Madeline Brisbane Buddhism Course Assignment 11/16/11 The Buddha Image: A Foundation for Attachment According to Freedburg, the author of The Power of Images, a figure resembling human form â€Å"enables the reconstitution of life† and makes â€Å"the absent present and the dead alive† (p. 11)1. An image preserves the aura of the person it resembles, and therefore allows for an eternal essence to remain after death. Within the realm of Buddhism, images of the Buddha serve a wide variety of spiritual and practical purposes. For some, keeping a Buddha image in their home is a sign of respect.Others find it comforting and peaceful to look at a Buddha image. In some parts of the world, specifically Southeast Asia, the Buddha image is a symbol of supernatural power and protection, and is essential to the efficacy of rituals. If a ritual fails to succeed in the absence of a Buddha image, then there must be an interdependency between images and ritualistic success. And if an i nterdependency exists, then the entire concept contradicts the Buddha's teaching of non-attachment because the ritual becomes attached to the presence of a Buddha image.Through an analysis of he origins and evolution of the use of Buddha images and relics in Southeast Asia, it would appear that an obsession with the presence of a Buddha image has emerged, conflicting with Buddha's teaching about non-attachment. As the second Noble Truth states, attachment is the origin of suffering. Therefore, to foster an interdependency between images and ritualistic success would go against the most fundamental values of Buddhism.In order to maintain the most basic ideals of Buddhism, the Buddha image must only serve as a reminder of the Buddha's presence rather than s a necessary component of practicing rituals effectively. To image the Buddha is not a modern concept; the Buddha must have always been imagined through stories, myths, and symbols. However, there are many legends surrounding the or igins or the first Buddha image. The most relevant theory regarding the original Buddha image to Southeast Asia is the story of the sandalwood statue.The story appears in many Buddhist texts that emerged over time throughout Asia. Most relevant to Southeast Asia is the Pali text from Sri Lanka recounted in the Kosala-Bimba-Vannana. In ummary, the story claims that after King Pasanedi of Kosala arrived to the Jetavana monastery to visit the Buddha only to find the Buddha away on a Journey, he leaves in disappointment. He returns later and tells the Buddha that to he would like to â€Å"have an image made in the likeness of the Tathagata†¦ for the benefit of the whole world. 2 The Buddha then adds that those who build an image of the Buddha will â€Å"accrue a great, immeasurable, incalculable benefit. â€Å"3 Upon seeing the gilded, yellow- robed statue, with the Buddha's teaching inscribed into the statue, the Buddha xpands on the praiseworthy benefits ot making Buddha image s . These benefits include avoiding rebirth into Buddhist hells; being reborn into wealthy families; and eventually attaining enlightenment. Within the statue, the dharma and the Buddha image are â€Å"cohesively conjoined. 4From this ancient tale, it is clear that the first Buddha image was built based on the kings desire to feel the presence of the Buddha even when he was not physically present. The need to feel the Buddha's presence has survived thousands of years, as many Buddhists still cherish the Buddha image as a reminder of his prevailing presence. Despite the non-theistic nature of early Buddhism, the dedication that followers of the path have to keeping Buddha images around illustrates that they worshipped and continue to worship the Buddha greatly.They cherish the notion of feeling the Buddha's presence at all times. The Theravada branch of Buddhism exemplifies the extent to which the Buddha's presence is valued by followers of the path. As Theravada ascended into South east Asia from Sri Lanka after the eleventh century B. C. E. , vernacular traditions ecame increasingly popular. In nature, Theravada Buddhism worships the historical model of the Buddha as a superhuman capable of miraculous deeds.Relics were therefore treasured as objects of magical power that allowed an â€Å"actual physical connection to the Buddha† because they were either part of the Buddha's body or came into physical contact with it. 5 Because it became impossible to exist in the presence of the Buddha in his physical form after his death, inserting a relic into an image became a way to restore the physical presence of the Buddha. In doing so, he image would supposedly provide protection against evil forces. However, when the Buddha image is revered for its supernatural protective strength, the Buddha image becomes a controversial concept.It seems that the more recent traditions of magical expectation and anticipation associated with Buddha images and relics has caused a shift away from the historical emphasis on the original monastic view of high moral responsibility and spiritual practice. Instead of following one's own karmic duties of doing good in order to receive good or trusting one's own ability to practice ituals successfully the old-fashioned way, the presence of the Buddha image during ritual has turned into a necessity for many Buddhists.If the presence of a Buddha image is necessary for rituals to work properly, then there has to an interdependency between the Buddha image and ritualistic success. Western scholar Donald Swearer, author of Becoming the Buddha, argues that â€Å"the Buddha must be†¦ present for the ritual to be efficacious for the dhamma to flourish, and for the sangha to prosper. † Moreover, scholar David Eckel makes the point that â€Å"people experience mental nguish when they cannot see the Buddha. 6 Wouldn't the creation of images therefore foster an attachment between humans and objects?This correlat ion between the Buddha image and the effectiveness of rituals, the dharma, and the sangha makes the Buddha image a very powerful entity. There is even an association between kings and material symbols of the Buddha, particularly relics and images. There is a Thai custom of swearing allegiance to the king in front of the Emerald Buddha image; the Buddha image can therefore be seen as a symbol of power and not Just a representation of the Buddha. Furthermore, the Buddha image is presently interpreted as a sign of respect and a way for devotees to make merit; â€Å"the Buddha's field of merit is operative†¦ hrough his continued post-Nibbana presence in his relics and images. â€Å"7 It Buddha images currently tunction as a means to validate the effectiveness of rituals and to make merit, then there is an undeniable interdependency between the Buddha image and the success of rituals as an expression of religious devotion, and therefore an attachment between the two. Due to the fa ct that non-attachment is one of the most fundamental values established ithin Buddhism, to classify the Buddha image as a necessity would be to diverge from Buddhism altogether.In simpler terms, to be dependent on the Buddha image is to form an attachment with it, and to form an attachment is to defy the basic ideals of Buddhism. Thus, the evolution of the Buddha image as a means of preserving the Buddha's presence into an entity that is necessary for the proper execution of rituals and spiritual success, then we can no longer categorize this concept as an appropriate element of Buddhism. The Four Noble truths are the essence of the Buddhist path, and to defy them is to defy Buddhism altogether.

Who Died and Made Them Boss. essays

Who Died and Made Them Boss. essays The United States government sounds very hypocritical when it points the finger at all Communist ideologies by telling them they control the lives of their citizens, when the U.S is doing the exact same act. Our constitution has set up many laws that make perfect sense, and exist for a very good purpose. However, any laws that do not make sense, and cannot cause harm to others, should not exist. When I think of these issues, three situations come to mind. Being forced to wear your seat belt, forbidden to smoke marijuana in your own home, and being forced to leave your home, are each laws that make no sense at all. These situations are harmless to society, and therefore should not exist. Smoking marijuana can only cause harm to the person that is smoking it. The government should not be able to tell you what to do, unless it causes harm to another person. Who are they to tell you what to do in your own home. A website called www.norml.com states that, "Possession of marijuana, any amount is punishable by up to one year in jail and a fine of up to $2,000." A law that cannot harm other people should not be considered a law at all. Marijuana destroys brain cells and can lead to immotivational syndrome. If a person wants to destroy his or her brain cells, so be it, however no one should be able to stop them. People don't always need Big Brother watching over them, and making sure they do everything right. It is their life and they can do whatever they want with it. People don't need a government to tell them what to do. Smoking in a car, is a different story. Marijuana impairs your vision, and your ability to react. Not having these every day skills, can endanger the l ives of other drivers, so smoking while driving should be considered a crime. Smoking in your own house or on your own property, however, should not be illegal, because it is your land, and you can do whatever you want to your own brain. A go ...

Biography of Rihanna

She began signing when she was seven with two of her classmates but it wasn’t until she was sixteen that she met Evan Rogers and began to work with him and moved out of Barbados. A year after moving to the states she was asked to meet with Jay-z at DefJam Records where she was offered a contract in February 2005. Working with DefJam records she was able to record her first album by the end of 2005. â€Å"Music of the sun† was released and Pon De Replay became her first widely known hit making it in to the top 5 singles for that year. Just about a year later she released album number two â€Å"A Girl Like Me†. Her song S. O. S. was her first number one hit and the album was ranked in the top five albums for the year. In May 2007 she released her third album â€Å"Good Girl Gone Bad† which won her a Grammy for best rap/collaboration for her number one hit Umbrella. This album also was known for three other number one hits including Don’t Stop the Music, Take a Bow, and Disturbia. Around two years later she released her fourth album â€Å"Rated R† which was the number one album on the Billboard Hot 100 albums for the year. Three of her songs from this album made it to the top ten singles including Russian Roulette, Hard, and Rude Boy. Under a year later she released â€Å"Loud† being one of her most popular albums and being known for her three number one singles Only Girl(In the World), Samp;M, and What’s My Name?. Finally her most recent album â€Å"Talk That Talk† was released in 2012 and is currently known for the number one single We Found Love. As of now we know that she is working on her seventh album which no information has been release about. She had been on four tours around the world and has one upcoming tour Diamonds World Tour which will be her biggest, longest tour yet. Rihanna often gives credit to her idols that all influenced her in different ways. The person she says influenced her the most would be Madonna saying â€Å"I want to be the Black Madonna. † She also has said that Whitney Houston, Beyonce, Bob Marley, Marilyn Monroe, Mariah Carey and Destiny’s child were very influential on her life becoming a successful artist in today’s music industry. Rihanna has become an influential person herself, having been and idol for Justin Bieber and Rita Ora, both younger artists. She has been named one of the most influential people in the world and ranks fourth in the most powerful celebrities. She has received many awards including five American Music awards, eighteen Billboard Music awards, two BRIT awards and 5 Grammys. She has had eleven number one singles on Billboards top 100 and was named Digital Artist for the 2000’s by Billboard Music as well. She is the highest selling digital artist of all time with 47,571,000 sold singles as of early 2012. Forbes reported that she earned a little over $82 million between May 2010 and May 2012 and she continues to expand on her career. Rihanna in known for her thought provoking music videos, many of them with under-lying meanings. Much like Madonna she incorporates substance abuse, domestic violence or love triangles into her videos. She also turns obscure situations into glitz and glamorous situations. Many of her videos and outfits have caused controversy because of the explicit content. Her live shows are known for her hip shaking, sex appeal, attitude, sexy outfits and over the top performances sometimes being quite risque. She has said that â€Å"These performances are all an act, that’s not me. That’s a part I play. You know it’s like a piece of art with all these toys and textures to play with. † In her early days she was a typical teen pop star but she easily shifted her appearance dramatically and continues to change frequently. By the time she released her â€Å"Good Girl Gone Bad† album she had completely shook the teen pop star image everyone had gave her. By 2008 she was named best dressed by Peoples magazine and was on Maxims Hot 100 for five consecutive years (2007-2011). In 2009 Glamour named her Woman of the year and she ranked seventeenth out of fifty in Most Glamorous Women. She also was named sexiest women alive in 2011 by Esquire. Not only is she an extremely successful music artist, she has had her share in acting as well. In 2006 she mad a cameo appearance in the movie Bring it On: All or Nothing. In 2012 she was seen in the movie Battleship as GM2 officer Cora Raikes and had another cameo appearance in The Katy Perry Movie. In the next two years she will be seen in End of the World and Happy Smekday. The successful Barbadian superstar started out as a typical teen pop singer and has made a huge name for herself, not only singing but acting as well. Attempting to turn herself into the â€Å"Black Madonna† it seems she has met her goal although she continues to do more with her career. After seven years and six albums Rihanna has become one of the most popular music artists not only in the USA but worldwide. She is one of the most influential celebrities for upcoming music artists in the industry today.

Global health paper - Tuberculosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Global health paper - Tuberculosis - Essay Example For instance, it is one of the leading killer diseases which are known by to be the greatest fear of the greatest majority of people in the universe today. Health is something important for a given nation, and the entire globe for that matter. This means that it would be necessary that a proper method for healthcare should be formulated towards ensuring there is a proper health structure for the entire world. This is the main reason why innovative finance comes in as a very good approach towards prison health care. Innovative financing is a modern approach that has been noted to come with a number of possibilities towards increasing overall economic development while bringing in positive possibilities which can effectively accelerate all the measures and processes put in place towards health promotion. Reflecting on this perspective, this paper critically examines global health, specifically reflecting on Tuberculosis from a broad point of view. The Impact of the Problem upon the Lar ger Community/World It is evident through research that about 592,000 Americans were released to societies from prison (Hughes & Wilson, 2003). Most remarkably, it is a common believe that criminals have a higher prevalence of diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), chronic medical conditions, substance abuse, AIDS, chronic medical conditions, and mental health problems than the common population in the United States (Flanagan, 2004). In that sense, the release of offenders to the community is considered to have negative impacts, seeing that this puts the lives of innocent people at the risk of getting TB from the inmates. Studies show that the higher prevalence of TB is linked to poor living conditions, pre-arrest poverty, intravenous drug use, and inadequate health-maintenance and disease-prevention practices (Hammett, Roberts, & Kennedy, 2001). Ex-offenders are a susceptible population as of high-risk behaviors and lack of understanding in relation to health promotion and disease avo idance. In simple words, it is unquestionable that the release of exposed criminals to the society presents a major threat and challenge to state, local, and nationwide public health sectors and criminal justice bureaus. Cited by different studies is the fact that TB has negative impacts, which can interfere with the growth of the economy and in that manner interfering with the growth of the nation as a whole (Visher, 2006). The Extent of the Problem In the recent years, it has been a common thing that much emphasis is being placed in the designing of comprehensive and thorough interventions which are based on a precise continual care with the aim of providing consistent care and assistance to offenders. This has been done within and as well beyond the prison perimeters (Markle & Raymond, 2007). There has as well been the recognition that there should proper means through which preparations are done towards the reintegration processes. This has been noted to function properly when i t has been done before the individual has released back into the society (Dorothy & Logie, 2008). That has been noted to be the right way through which the society can rest assured that the individuals who have been released are free from TB and will not put the lives of others at risk. Reflecting on research, recognition of criminal

Edgar Degas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Edgar Degas - Research Paper Example He had come from a family that was extremely musical: his mother was an opera singer, though not a professional one, while his father Auguste used to arrange recitals to be performed by musicians in their home. Degas mother passed away when he was just thirteen years old; after that, both his father and grandfather had a great influence in his life (Edgardegas.net, 2010). He studied at the Lycee Loius le Grand whereby he attained a baccalaureat in literature in the year 1853. Degas began his life as a painter when he was still a teenager of eighteen years old; he had changed his room to be an artist’s studio and after graduating registered as a Louvre copist. Auguste however was not for the idea of his son becoming a painter, and he urged him to enroll in law school. In November 1853, Degas reluctantly went to study law at the Faculty of Law at the University of Paris; however, he was not so enthusiastic about it. When he was still a copist, he produced a number of copies of R aphel that were quite impressive; working on them, he studied other works done by contemporary painters with examples of Delacroix and Ingres (Edgardegas.net, 2010). In the year 1855 he was admitted into the Ecole Des Beaux-Art School in Paris, but after studying there only on year, he left school so that he could take three years traveling, studying and painting in Italy. There he painted painstaking copies of Michelangelo’s work, a renowned Italian Renaissance painter, as well as Da Vinci. He developed a classical linearity reverence that was a distinguishing characteristic even of the modern paintings he had done (Edgardegas.net, 2010). According to Growe, (2001), in 1859 Degas went back to Paris and made a name as a painter. He took the traditional approach whereby he painted large portraits mostly belonging to family members and big historical scenes with examples of Semiramis Building Babylon, the daughter of Jephtha and the Scene of middle Age war. He then went to subm it his works to a group of French teachers and artists who would be in charge of exhibitions that happened in public. The group had extremely conventional and rigid ideas of proper artistic form and beauty; therefore, it was indifferent to Degas paintings. In 1862, Degas had a chance of meeting Edouard Manet, a fellow painter at the Louvre, and the two developed a friendly rivalry within no time. In 1868 Degas was one of the important members of the avant-garde artists group that included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They used to meet regularly as the Cafe Guerbois so as to discuss ways that artists could use to interact with the modern world. The Franco-Prussian war began in July 1870, and Degas decided to volunteer to be part of the French National Guard. As the war was ending in 1871, the Paris Commune took control of the capital for approximately two months previous to Adolphe Thiers went ahead to establish again the Third Republic at the time of a bloo dy civil war. In order to avoid the Paris Commune tumult, Degas took a long trip in New Orleans to visit his relatives (Growe, 2001). Degas came back to Paris in 1873, and here he met with Sisley, Monet and a few other painters. They went ahead to form the Societe Anonyme des Artistes which was a group that was obligated to have exhibitions which were not under the Salon’s control. The group would later come to be identified as the Impressionists despite the fact that Degas fancied the name â€Å"

Terms comparison paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Terms comparison paper - Essay Example The subject of costs in economics is a trivial concern because as simple as it looks, costs assume many forms and applications. As conventionally defined, cost means the amount of money paid for a certain product or service. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (par. 1), cost â€Å"in common usage, (is) the monetary value of goods and services that producers and consumers purchase.† What make the concept of cost challenging in microeconomics is the diverse types or classifications attached to it. Since microeconomics encompass the study of the behavior of individuals, firms, and industries in terms of producing and consuming of economic goods and services, the concept of cost is relevant as it affects microeconomic activities of the units concerned. For consumers and individuals who are not familiar with the concepts of costs, one might have the tendency to discard this as irrelevant and immaterial. However, close examination of these underlying theories would enlighten consum ers on their effects on prices and quantities of goods which are normally offered to the public. This concept is also relevantly applicable to the health care industry. It is interesting to note that in economics, all costs are considered opportunity costs. As rationalized by Petroff (2002, par. 2), resources are usually indented for a particular purpose. When goods are produced using a definite resource, other goods could not be produced using the same raw materials. To use a practical application, for a consumer who decided to buy a television set, the opportunity cost could be the value of a trip to a nearby beach resort which was not taken due to the purchase. In health care, the concept of opportunity cost is best exemplified by the number of years in terms of lives saved and the improvement in the quality of life should monetary resources be spent on an alternative medical intervention suggested or recommended for a diagnosed health care procedure.

Skopos Theory of Translation

Skopos Theory of Translation 1. Introduction With the development of world economy and accelerating globalization, more and more companies have realized the significance of translating English trademarks. Trademark is a very special type of practical writing with high commercial value. The translation of English trademark names belongs to a kind of cultural communication with special purposes. A successful translation should be able to convey the current information of the commodity, attract the foreign consumers attention, stimulate their purchasing desire and promote their buying action. However, the traditional equivalence theory turns out to be increasingly inadequate and the rigid faithful translation will often produce negative effect. The Skopos theory has presented a new perspective to the study of trademark translation. With the guidance of this theory, the translator could use translation strategies flexibly to achieve the purpose of embodying the trademarks function. This thesis uses a lot of examples to put forward some techniques such as literal and free translation. And it also emphasizes that a translator should not only try his or her best to express the native connotation, but also keep in mind the adaptation to foreign culture. Only by doing so, can translation fulfill the purpose of the trademark? With increasing globalization of the world economy, more and more commodities spring up like mushrooms. As to win a superior place in an extremely competitive market, or a commodity, besides the high quality and a moderate price, its trademark name is also a vital factor. Billions of dollars are spent each year in efforts to make the public familiar with the name of the products which manufacturers are selling. Companies advertise by emphasizing the trademarks on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc. Customers can get a general idea or even the nature of the commodity. Those easy to read, understand and memorize can always stimulate customers purchasing desire and bring companies a great success and fortune from what they are striving as much as possible to sell. So a fine trademark name translation comes to play an important role in promoting the products and will earn more money than a common translation in the course of sales. Admittedly, translation is a very complex sub ject. By far, there have been many linguists who have carried on the research of equivalence theory-faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. But these standards, however, are not completely fit to the translation of a trademark name. The main reason is that each language has its unique linguistic features and versatile cultural backgrounds, customs and thinking patterns, there hardly exists absolute equivalence, especially in the case of Chinese and English, which are from two completely different language families. For example, the faithfulness may not be reached by using only several simple English words. There are also many outstanding linguists abroad doing research in this field. The Skopos theory, put forward in Ground-work for a General Theory of Translation (an article) by Reiss, Vermeer in 1984, emphasizes the functionality to achieve purpose of the target text in the target culture. Skopos theory was developed in Germany in the late 1970s, and which reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation. Skopos theory takes seriously factors which have always been stressed in action theory, and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of non-literary text types. In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instructions for use, tourist guides, contracts, etc, the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored. These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it, and, in particular, the function which the text is to perform in that culture for those readers. Skopos theory is directly oriented towards this function. Translation is viewed not as a process of transcending, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose, and the word skopos, derived from Greek, is used as the technical term for the purpose of a translation. Skopos must be defined before translation can begin; in highlighting skopos, the theory adopts a prospective attitude to translation, as opposed to the retrospective attitude adopted in theories which focus on prescriptions derived from the source text.(Baker, 2004: 235) In the article Reflections on Certain Methods of Translation based on functional concept of translation, Chen Xiaowei pointed out the concept has provided theoretical basis for some translation practices used to be considered against the existing criteria of translation methods, such as abridgment and adaptation(Chen X iaowei, 2000).Yang Xiaorong(2001) also called for more attention to contemporary translation theories such as functionalist approach to translation. She stated in her article Traditional and Modern Perspectives on Translation Criticism that by emphasizing the role played by the receptor, the translator and the cultural factors in the process of translation, functionalist approach is able to present a dynamic and multi-dimensional perspective on translation criticism. In this thesis, the background and development of this approach as well as its basic concepts are discussed in light of their applicability in advertisement translation. In terms of Skopos theory, translators are encouraged to make full use of all the sources of the source text and are entitled to choose whatever translation strategies he thinks appropriate to achieve the functions of the translation. That is what we call the end justifies the means. Li Yuxiang (2006), a researcher of Tongji University, stated in her pa per that brand name translators should not only be well aware of the linguistic and cultural differences between source language and target language, but also be quite knowledgeable about marketing, psychology and aesthetics as well as full of imagination and creativity. In the course of translation, the translator should pay attention to the adaptation to many aspects and should be highly imaginative. As such, the functionalist approach can offer a satisfactory explanation to the unconventional strategies applied in trademark translation, which the traditional equivalence-based theory fails to account for. The body of this thesis is divided into six parts. At the very beginning of the introduction, the thesis presents the background, rationale, objectives, methodology and the organization of the thesis. Chapter 1 introduces the description including definition, characteristics and functions of trademark. Chapter 2 studies the Skopos theory and more attention will be paid to three rules which are skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. Chapter 3 analyzes the guidance of Skopos theory in English trademark translation with the proof of some instances. Chapter 4 exerts many examples to work out some applicable English trademark translation strategies or approaches based on the Skopos theory. Chapter 5 comes to conclusions, which gives the main findings about this thesis, identifies limitations of the present study and makes suggestions for future research. 2. The introduction about trademark 2.1 The definition of trademark There are a lot of definitions about trademark. In Wikipedia, trademark means conventionally a distinctive sign of some kinds, whether that sign comprises a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, picture, styling or a combination of one or more of these elements. A trademark is used by a business to identify itself and its products or services to consumers, and to set itself and its products or services apart from other businesses. A trademark is a type of intellectual property, and in particular, a type of industrial property. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th Ed) provides a definition like this: a special mark on a product to show that it is made by a particular producer; a thing that is typical of a person or company. A trademark is defined by law as any sign that distinguishes the goods or services of one undertaking from those of another. Most trademarks are words, names or logos but more fancy trademarks include shapes, sounds and even smells. So long as your trademarks are capable of graphic representation, they can be capable of protection. Taking into account of all these explanations, trademarks can be defined as this: they are any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof that are used in commerce as brand names, domain names, tag lines, slogans, non-functional and distinctive packaging and labeling designs, etc. to indicate the source of goods or services and differentiate the products or services from those of the other. That is to say, a trademark has the characteristics of describing the features of a commodity; making the commodity more distinctive; assisting the consumers to memorize the products; conforming to the images of commodity as well as company and arousing customers associations about beautiful things. 2.2 The functions of trademark 2.2.1 Origin Function A trademark helps to identify the source and those responsible for the products and services sold in the market as it includes the materialistic and abstract components of the product and reflect its marketing capabilities. Specifically, a trademark, the distinctive sign or indicator of some kind, used by an individual, business organization or another legal entity assists consumers to uniquely identify the source of its products or services, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities. So a trademark could guarantee the identity of the origin of marked goods or services offered to each consumer or end user by enabling the latter to distinguish, without any possibility of confusion, the origin of the goods or services in question. 2.2.2 Quality Function Consumers choose a particular trademark for its known quality. Trademarks have the functions of guaranteeing and improving the quality of products. Therefore, quality means the foundation of a trademarks reputation which convinces the consumers to buy that kind of commodity. The goods which are cheap in price and high in quality will meet the consumers objective needs and mental consumption, and establishing the good prestige for the trademark could win the consumers trust. Naturally, the market of products would be expanded and good economic returns for the enterprises would also be yielded. Once establishing the image in buyers mind, the manufacturers and sellers would do their utmost to ensure the quality, maintain the good faith of the well-known products so as to achieve obvious economic benefits. 2.2.3 Advertising Function Trademarks play an important role in advertising. A trademark enables consumers to choose goods and services with ease under the influence of continuous advertising. As shown in the above, a trademark is the symbol of a product, distinguishing the commodity from another and making them easier for consumers to memorize, which is a very important part of the advertisement of the product. A good trademark should be simple and memorable, so it can, to some degree, influence and arouse their desire to buy the product. It is not uncommon for a customer to refuse to buy a certain product merely because of his or her dislikes of the trademark. Besides, via the media, including radio, television, newspapers, magazines and the Internet, enterprisers give wide coverage to trademarks in order to deeply impress the consumers, stimulate their interests to buy their products, at last, fulfill the purpose to advertise the product and create an image in the mind of the ultimate purchaser. 2.2.4 Marketing and Economic Function A successful trademark can promote the international trade to attain the goals of boosting its market share. Served as the crucial tool to gain and dominate the market, trademark especially the famous one plays the significant role in opening up an outlet and occupying the global market. Now, with the development of international business, the higher reputation of a trademark means the better quality of the product. Even the same products have different prices because of different trademarks; of course, the profits brought by goods are also different. Thus, its clear that a well- recognized trademark has a better competitive power in markets. Established trademark is a valuable asset. A trademark indicates competition, for its function is to distinguish one product from another, meanwhile, it is created by use, and remains valid only as long as it is used. For many manufacturers, the trademark is what turns people into customers. Perhaps money has been invested in advertising, or people have learned of the business through word of mouth. But no company would want to see another company opened up with a similar name and people got confused. If that really happened, the former one might very well lose potential or existing customers to the new company. It is the common sense that a famous trademark, even in tough economic times, strongly influences purchasing behavior as consumers would make more careful decisions, and often revert to tried and trusted brands. Today the trademarks may be licensed or franchised. It can be concluded that the ultimate purpose of advertising is to persuade consumers to buy a certain product or service. The main functions in advertising at least include conveying information and persuasion. To describe it specifically, the basic functions of trademark are to present some information about goods, services or ideas to the public and influence and persuade people to make choices, at last to take some actions, especially to purchase the products. 3. Skopos theory 3.1 A brief introduction to Skopos theory Skopos is the Greek word for aim or purpose and was introduced into translation theory by Hans J. Vemeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating by Jeremy Munday. (Munday, 2001: 65) In Vermeers approach, every translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate means to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances.(Nord, 2001: 12) According to Skopos theory, any form of translational action, including translation itself, may be assumed as an action which is intentional and purposeful, and the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action.(Nord, 2001: 27) Skopos theory queries the primitive theory that centers on original texts. It explains the action of translation from a brand new angle. Faced at aiming system, it is a descriptive and standard combined theory.(Zhang Nanfeng, 2004: 121). 3.2 The development of Skopos theory The functionalist translation theory was developed in the 1970s in German. The main contributions and the contributors are Katharina Reiss with her functionalist translation criticism; Hans J. Vermeers Skopos theory and its extensions; Justa Holz-Manttaris theory of translational action and Christiane Nord. They are all German scholars, so we call it German school of functionalism. (Nord, 1997:4) Early in 1971, in her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, Reiss develops a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts.(Nord, 1997:5)To her, TL text should be equivalent to SL text in terms of conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function. So obviously, she still took equivalence as her basis. However, in real life she found that sometimes equivalence was not possible and not even desired in some cases, for example, when the target text is intended to achieve a purpose or function other than that of the original. In such situations, she thinks that the functional perspective takes precedence over the normal standards of equivalence. Then translation critic can no longer rely on features derived from source-text analysis but has to judge whether the target text is functional in terms of the translation context. (Nord, 1997:9) Then, Hans Vermeer made a breakthrough by putting forward his famous Skopos theory which is regarded as the landmark of functionalist approach to translation. Vermeer maintained that linguistics alone could not solve all the translation problems. Thus he put translation in a broader human context, embedding the theory of translation in a theory of human action or activity. He considers translation as a type of human action, which is an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation; it is part of the situation at the same time as it modifies the situation.(Nord, 1997:11)Thus Vermeer calls his theory Skopos theory. Actually, Skopos theory is the theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation. Manttari goes one step further than Vermeer. She even avoids using the term translation in the strict sense. She prefers to speak of message transmitters, which consist of textual material combined with other media such as pictures, sounds and body movements. In her model, translation is defined as a complex action designed to achieve a particular purpose. The generic term for the phenomenon is translational action. The purpose of translational action is to transfer messages across culture and language barriers by means of message transmitters produced by experts. (Nord, 1997:13) Afterward, Nord summarized all these theories and made them more comprehensive by her book Translaitng As a Purposeful Activity-Functionalist Approaches Explained. 3.3 Three rules of the Skopos theory 3.3.1 The skopos rule In Vermeers skoposthorie, the top-ranking rule for translation is the Skopos rule. The term Skopos usually refers to the purpose of the target text. (Nord, 2001: 28) translational action is determined by its Skopos: that is the end justifies the means (Reiss and Vermeer 1984:101) Vermeer explains the Skopos rule in the following way: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. (Nord, 2001: 29) Translation is normally done by assignment. A client needs a text for a particular purpose and calls upon the translator for a translation, thus acting as the initiator of the translation process. In an ideal case, the client would give as many details as possible about the purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, occasion and medium of the intended communication and function and which the text is intended to have. The information would constitute an explicit translation brief which means translation commission or translation assignment. (Nord, 2001: 30) BMW was an acronym for Bayerishe Motoren Werke (the German famous auto companys name). It has no meaning but shows the place where the car come form. (Chen Dongcheng, 2008)The translation of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ is known to many Chinese customers. Because B and M are pronounced like à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ in Chinese, which à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚  means precious and à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ (horse) tells that it is an automobile as à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ is one means of transportations in ancient China. So it can reach the purpose of arousing the customers association of the swift horse and implies this kind of cars can go a long way with a high speed. 3.3.2 The coherence rule This rule emphasis that the translation must be adequately coherent to allow the intended users to comprehend it, and provide them assumed background knowledge and situational circumstances. What the translator can do, and what he should do, is to produce a text that is at least likely to be meaningful to target-culture receivers. In Vermeers terms the target text should conform to the standard of intratextual coherence (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 109). This means the receiver should be able to understand it; it should make sense in the communicative situation and culture in which it is received. A communicative interaction can only be regarded as successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation. Accordingly, another important rule of Skopos theory, the coherence rule, specifies that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with receivers situation. (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 113) Safeguard, a brand for soap and bathing lotion, means security and guardian. It is transliterated as à ¨Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³. Here à ¨Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ means comfort, à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ means skin and à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ means good quality. So this translation will leave the impression on people that this soap or lotion with good quality can bring comfort to the skin. Furthermore, Chinese people will have a basic conception about what kind of product it is and understand it very well when they first saw the translation. 3.3.3 The fidelity rule This rule touches upon the relationship between the source-text and target-text. Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity which is fidelity rule. (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 114) In Skopos theory, the source-text is not so crucial in the position of offering information especially in equivalence-based theories. Intertextual coherence should exist between source and target text, while the form it takes depends both on the translators interpretation of the source text and on the translation Skopos. (Nord, 2001: 32) The fidelity rule stresses that some relationship must remain between the target-text and source-text once the overriding principle of Skopos and the rule of coherence have been satisfied. Crown(the trademark of a car)is translated literally into Chineseà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚   whether it is in English or in Chinese. Crown andà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  both represent the superior social status,. The Chinese version can well express that the car is in good condition, the style is grand and the quality is first-rate. It is faithful to its original meaning of the brand which is and will undoubtedly be accepted by the consumers in China just the same as in the original country. The three rules are organized based on their status. The fidelity rule is considered as the subordination to the coherence rule. Both of them are subordinate to the Skopos rule. Hence, the purpose of translation is the first concern for the translator. If the Skopos requires a change of function, the standard will no longer by intertextual coherence with the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the Skopos (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 139). 4. The guidance of Skopos theory in English trademark translation As the statement in the first chapter about the functions of trademark, the translation of English trademark should attract the consumers attention, raise their interest, stimulate their desire, improve their memory and promote their action. The Skopos theory believes that the translating purpose decides the translating strategies and methods. As the translation of English trademark names is a project which has particular purposes, the Skopos theory is very suitable to the translation of English trademark names. 4.1 The Purpose of Embodying Characters of Commodity The translation of an English trademark should endeavor to provide as much as information about the commodity for consumers. The translation should transmit the commoditys positive information to attract the consumers attention and raise their interest. Take Rejoice for example, it is translated to beà ©Ã‚ £Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬ in Chinese. The translation has pretty well expressed the information of the goods. From the name, consumers can get the information that the commodity may be something about flowing locks or gentle and smooth hair, because à ©Ã‚ £Ã‹Å"and à ¦Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬ often have been used to describe the feature of hair. So the consumers attention will be attracted by the goods immediately when they see the name. Surely enough, their interest is aroused and they will be willing to see some more elaborate information about the goods. So the translation of an English trademark should express information to demonstrate the characters of a commodity. 4.2 The Purpose of Identifying Commodity We know that one commodity has its distinctive character. A good trademark should represent the commodity and shows its uniqueness. If a name is distinctive enough to catch the consumers attention, it has been endowed with the discerning function. Then in a consumers memory, this distinctive name will be the most deep-going one. Of course, the purchasing action could be stimulated. For instance, two commodities both have the same English trademark called Liberty. Actually, one product is a sportswear and the other is a carpet. In China, the former one is à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ± and the latter one is à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °. à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ± means free and it can arouse the feelings of leisure and casualness which accord with the style of the cloth. à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ° conveys that this kind of carpet is good to protect the consumers precious plot. Besides, à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ° is the propitious word popular with Chinese customers. 4.3 The Purpose of Stimulating Consumers Purchasing Desire All the advertising campaign of a commodity is advancing towards to one destination to move the consumers to buy the products. The trademark as a means of publicizing ways, its translation should serve the purpose, too. Carrefour is a foreign invested supermarket in China. Its Chinese version of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ , tells us each family can enjoy happiness and pleasure in this supermarket. When seeing this name, they may go it and buy something there. This translation, making use of consumers purchasing psychology, has successfully appealed to consumers and has cleverly stimulated their purchasing desire. Therefore, the translation of a trademark should be able to stimulate consumers buying desire. 4.4 The purpose of adaption to the customers culture The famous British anthropologist E. B. Taylor (1871) defines culture as a complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.(Danesi Perron, 1999: 3) because trademark, obviously is part of the culture, so its translation, to a great extent, is influenced by culture. Foreign commodities trademarks inevitably contain different cultural characteristics. When they enter the Chinese market, they will mainly face Chinese consumers. Whether they can win the market share and the favor of Chinese customers depends greatly on their translation. Even they enjoy global fame, it will still be difficult for Chinese consumers to accept if they dont have impressive translations into Chinese. A good translation will have enormous impact, though invisible, on consumers mentality. (Bao Huinan, 2001: 281) For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words o nly have meanings in terms of cultures in which they function. (Nida, 1993: 110) hence, to contribute to the function of trademark, the translation must fulfill the purpose to go with the culture of customers. Dragon means devil in western culture, while in Chinese culture, dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢) is the symbol of power and heavenliness is something sacred and has been referred to as the ancestor of the Chinese nation, so Chinese people have a special preference for this animal which does not exist. Citroen, a French-made car brand, is translated into à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ªÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ to adapt the customers culture in target market. 5. Translation strategies based on Skopos theory Skopos theory considers translation as a complicated interactive behavior. The aim of translation is often determined after counsel between client and translator. It is the initiator or its agent who makes differences. They give explanation of time, place, situation, intermediary, aim as well as readers and function of translation. According to the specific translation requirement such as the writers interactive intention and expectation of the translated texts, as well as social knowledge background, interactive need of readers, etc. translator can determine any translating tactics, and does not have to care about the equality of translated text to the original text, for which would weaken the translated texts interactive function in the environment of target language. Therefore, with the guide of translation purpose, the translator can consider the relative factors comprehensively and then decide the most suitable method. Approaches can be adopted by translators if it can realize t he expected purpose well. The translator can change properly according to the connotation meaning of a trademark name. If it is transformed appropriately, it can be full of wit and humor. The consumers will certainly be attracted by such kind of a trademark names. So the realistic standard of trademark translation is whether it is recognized and accepted by consumers who would buy the products finally. Therefore, based on the Skopos theory, translation strategies are not restricted. According to the contents mentioned above, we can emphasize that the purpose changes with the consumer varies. (Wang Jianhui, Hu Dongping, 2007) Translators can take any appropriate tactics in order to achieve different goals. (Yin Xiaohong, 2006:171) As discussed above, the successful translation of brand names refers to lots of factors. Among them the most important is the flexible employment of translation methods in practice. In this part, the author will focus on two main methods, the most common and practical used strategies, in brand name translation. They are literal translation and free translation. 5.1 Literal translation The so-called literal translation in this paper is equivalent to Newmarks semantic translation, which attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.(Newmark, 1988: 39). Literal translation involves translating meanings literally, keeping both the original form and the original sense. It is the primary way of trademark translation. It can better convey the original information of the product, indicate the authors original wish, and can keep the conformity with the brand designs. There are many popular trademarks translated in this way around us. Although it is not feasible for every one to be translated literally, literal translation is still put to use by translators. The translation of an electronic appliance brand, Pioneer intoà ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¹can convey to the customers the message that it is the pioneer of the electronic appliance industry. Microsoft, the American software giant company, also adopts literal translation to register its Chinese brand. Translating Micro as à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ® and soft as à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¯ successfully transmit the implied meaning: a basic, tiny and delicate software. Mr. Juicy was translated as à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸, can give customers a very clear idea that it is a fruit juice brand while at the same time it forms a cartoon image in peoples mind. 5.2 Free translation The free translation is also one of the most important techniques in the course of translating Chinese trademark names. We knew that literal translation would not achieve a perfect trademark translation all the time. Free translation is more complex and flexible. Free translation mostly could avoid the rigid feeling, comparing with mechanical transliteration. In fact, it is the translators imagination that is making an important impa